1. The New Monarchies: 15c – 16c

2. Basics of New Monarchs
Shift from divided feudal to unified national monarchies- sovereign
100 Years War and Great Schism weakened nobility and clergy
Growing towns allied with the monarchs
Accumulated and centralized power
Bureaucracy of loyal townspeople staffed royal offices
Monarchs were aided by growing prosperity that increased tax revenues

3. England  stability under the Tudors
France  consolidation of power.
Spain  unification by marriage.
HR Empire  different model: the cost of decentralization.

4. The Tudors of England

5. Henry VII
Came to power following the destructive War of the Roses- provided much wanted order
Carefully lived off of his own revenues, confiscated lands and fortunes of nobles- did not alienate the people by issuing new taxes
Increased the power of JPs
Strengthened the Royal Council- Star Chamber

6. France in the 15c – 16c

7. Louis XI
The French Estates General not as powerful as the English Parliament- allowed king to raise taxes somewhat independently
Standing army- source of royal power
Annexed the Duchy of Burgundy
Inherited Anjou, Maine, and Provence
Almost doubled the size of his kingdom
Created a national postal system

8. The Habsburg Dynasty

9. Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain
The Madonna of the Monarchs

10. Kingdoms of Spain: 1492

11. Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain
1469- Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand heir to throne of Aragon creating the Kingdom of Spain
Fought 10 year civil war against nobles that objected to their union
Ruled Castile and Aragon as separate kingdoms
Reduced number of great nobles and gave Hidalgos, lesser nobles that depended on the favor of the monarchs, more power
Gained control of military orders
Gained right to make ecclesiastical appointments
Supervised the judicial system directly
Increased revenues- supported overseas expansion
Drove out Muslims which increased support for the monarchs

12. Empire of Charles V

13. The Empire of Philip II

14. The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512

15. The Holy Roman Empire: Late 16c

16. Central Europe in 1600

17. The Growth of the Ottoman Empire

18. The Battle of Lepanto, 1571

19. Eastern Europe in 1550