1. Department of Political Science
President
JYOTI
Assistant Professor
Department of Political Science
PGGC-11
Chandigarh

2. The Indian Constitution establishes a Parliamentary form of Government
The Indian Constitution establishes a Parliamentary form of Government. Article 52 of the Constitution provides for the office of the President of India. The President is the Head of the Indian Union and occupies the highest office in the country. All executive powers are vested in him and he exercises' his powers on the advice of Council of Minister.
Qualification for Election as President:
Is a citizen of India
Has completed the age of 35 years
Is qualified for election as a member of the House of the People (Lok Sabha)
Not eligible if holding any office of profit under the Government of India

3. Term of Office is five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. Notwithstanding the expiration of his term, he shall continue to hold office until successors enters upon his office. Resignation- The President may resign at any time by writing under his hands. The President shall address his letter of the resignation to the Vice-President of India. The Vice-President shall forthwith communicate to the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Re-election- There is no Constitutional bar for re-election of the present incumbent in the office of the President.

4. Removal- The President can be removed from the office for violation of the Constitution by the impeachment process conducted by the Parliament.
Emoluments and Allowances
Process of Election of the President
Election by Electoral College
Parity between the State as a whole and the Union
The number of votes of an elected member of Legislative Assembly:
population of the State =
total number of the elected members of the State Legislative Assembly

5. Powers of President Executive Powers
Powers relating to council of ministers
Enforcement of laws
Administrative powers
Powers of making appointments
Administration of Union Territories
Military powers
Diplomatic powers
Powers to issuing directions to State Governments

6. Legislative Powers
Nomination of twelve members to the Rajya Sabha
Appointment of certain members in the Lok Sabha
Convening and prorroguing of sessions of Parliament
Inauguration and addressing the sessions of Parliament
Sending of messages to the Parliament
Approval of Bills passed by the Parliament

7. Some Bills are introduced in the Parliament with the prior permission of President
Some Bills passed by the State Legislature are reserved for the approval of President
Powers of issuing Ordinances
Power to dissolve the Lok Sabha
Financial Powers
The President has to get the budget presented before the Parliament in the beginning of every financial year

8. No Money Bill or demand for grants or supplementary demands and additional demands can be presented in the Parliament without the prior permission of the President
The President has control over the Contingency Fund of the country and he can advance money from this fund to meet some unexpected expenditure
The President appoints a Finance Commission after every five years
He divides the revenue from export duty on jute among jute exporting States

9. Judicial Powers
The President can grant amnesty, reduce or postpone punishment to those who violate the laws of the Union. He does not make use of this power at will but at the advice of the cabinet
The President has the right to grant general amnesty to political prisoners but for this he has to take the permission of the Parliament
The President is not answerable to any court for his actions. He can’t be sued in any criminal case in any court. Civil suit can be filed against him but for that a two months notice is essential
The President appoints Chief Justices and other Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts. He can also remove them if a resolution is passed against them in the Parliament

10. Emergency Powers The framers of the Constitution anticipated that a situation might arise when the regular Constitutional machinery might not deliver the goods and some extraordinary measures might be required to deal with such situations. They, therefore, incorporated emergency provisions in the Constitution and saddled the President with enormous power to deal with the unforeseen situation. The President has to exercise these emergencies powers in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the Constitution.

11. Giving consent to use any foreign title by a person holding an office of trust under the State
Approving the sitting of the Supreme Court in a place other than Delhi
Referring a question of law or face of public importance for the opinion of the Supreme Court
Determining the number of Judge of High Court
Transferring a Judge from one High Court to another
Transferring a Governor from one State to another, and
Referring additional matters to the Union Public Service Commission for advice

12. Changing Role of the President
Regarding appointment of Prime Minister
Regarding Dismissal of Government
With regard to the acceptance of the Advice of Council of Ministers
President is not a Rubber Stamp
Changing Active Role of the President
Active Role of the President in the Constitutional Issue of States

13. Vice-President
Article 63 of the Constitution provides for the office of the Vice-President of India.
Qualifications:
Is a citizen of India
Has completed the age of 35 years
Is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States
Does not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said government

14. Election of the Vice-President
Powers and Functions of Vice-President
The Vice-President has two-fold functions-first, an ex-officio function and second, a replacement function. There are no other powers and functions given to him. The Vice-President has no powers and functions as such.
Powers of the Vice-President as the Ex-Officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha
He presides over the meetings of the House.
He maintains order & decorum in the House for conducting Parliamentary proceedings .
He allocates time for different kinds of business in the House.

15. He interprets the rules of procedure & applies them while conducting proceedings of the House
He decides the admissibility or otherwise of motion , resolutions , questions & points of order
He recognises members on the floor of the House and allots them the time to make a speech
He is empowered to give ruling to settle any procedural wrangle in the House
He can adjourn the meeting of the House in the absence of quorum
He enjoys a casting vote to break the tie
He may adjourn the House in case of grave disorder
He works as a channel of communication between the President and the House.