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Cells
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CELL WALL Rigid outer wall Gives plants support
No skeleton Animal cells do not have cell walls Flexibility
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CELL WALL Primary cell wall composed of… Cellulose
Primary food source for grazers Also clothing, paper, furniture… Hemicellulose (glue) Pectin (stiffness of jelly) Glycoprotein (sugar protein)
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CELL WALL Secondary cell wall form inside the primary wall
Mostly cellulose Lignins form like matrix for support Very rigid
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Communication Tiny tunnels that allow for cells to exchange “information” Plasmodesmata Plasmodesma (singular) Communication is carried out with sugars, proteins, amino acids, etc
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Plasma Membrane The flexible membrane of the living cell
Controls the movement of materials in and out of cell
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Cytoplasm Liquid inside cell Mostly water Cytoplasm
Salts and proteins, too
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Nucleus The control center Contains DNA Nucleus
DNA is the blueprint of plant biology Heritable traits
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Nucleus DNA stored as chromosomes Nuclear envelope is porous
Controls what comes in and goes out
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Directs traffic and activities within the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Primary site for the synthesis of other organelles inside cell Modifies proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough ER Ribosomes attached to surface Smooth ER Lacking ribosomes
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Ribosomes Manufacturing complex proteins
Proteins are the basis of living cells Communication The passing of information (directions) Storage of information Catalysts Promote reactions Building proteins
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Dictyosomes Flat stacks of organelles throughout the cell
Collecting, packaging and delivering centers Post Offices Primarily modify proteins for use within the cell Groups of dictyosomes form the Golgi Apparatus
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Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondrion (singular) Releases energy from organic molecules These organelles float within the cell Congregate where energy needed
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Mitochondria Inner folds Increased surface area for activity
Cristae Increased surface area for activity MITOCHONDRIA ch?v=RrS2uROUjK4
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Plastids A double membrane bound organelle
Involved in the synthesis and storage of food Chloroplasts the most common platid Photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll
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Plastids Chloroplast The liquid inside chloroplast
Stroma Contains enzymes utilized in photosynthesis
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Plastids Chloroplasts “Coins” perform photosynthesis
Thylakoids A stack of thylakoids Granum
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Plastids Chromoplast Fruit and flowers Involved in photosynthesis
Carotenoid pigments create color Red, yellow, or orange Fruit and flowers Tomatoes, peppers
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Plastids Leucoplasts are colorless plastids 2 types of leucoplasts
Amyloplasts Synthesize starches Elaioplasts Synthesize oils
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Microbodies Granular bodies floating in cytoplasm Peroxisomes
Produce enzymes to survive heat Glyoxisomes Convert fat to carbohydrates (food)
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Vacuoles Largest organelle Can be one or two in cell
As much as 90% of cell Can be one or two in cell
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Vacuoles Vacuoles contain cell sap Vacuoles maintain cell pressure
Proteins, sugars, etc Anthocyanins Provides color Red, blue or purple flowers and some reddish foliage Vacuoles maintain cell pressure
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Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton maintains cell structure Microtubules
Maintain structure of cell wall Microfilaments Move material and organelles inside cell Cytoplasmic streaming
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CELL https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=URUJ D5NEXC8
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CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
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Cell Cycle All organisms begin life as a single cell
Division begins almost immediately
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Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis Living cells are not dividing
Four phases of cell division
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Mitosis Prophase Nuclear envelope fragments
Chromosomes become shorter and thicker Contain the DNA Blueprint of the organism
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Mitosis Prophase Shorter and thicker chromosomes transform into pairs
Chromotids Pairs held like bowties Centromeres (knot) Technically, two knots together Dense protein complexes located on outer surface of centromere Kinetochore
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Mitosis Prophase Microtubules develop at opposite poles of the cell
Spindle fibers Attach to centromere Nuclear envelope has been completely fragmented Absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum
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Mitosis Metaphase Pairs are lined up in the center of the cell
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Mitosis Anaphase Sister chromotids separate
Two knots of centromere pull apart by spindles Moving to opposite poles of the cell
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Mitosis Telophase Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes Cell plate forms between nuclei
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MITOSIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4govZdjEBrs
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