1. Cells

2. CELL WALL Rigid outer wall Gives plants support
No skeleton
Animal cells do not have cell walls
Flexibility

3. CELL WALL Primary cell wall composed of… Cellulose
Primary food source for grazers
Also clothing, paper, furniture…
Hemicellulose (glue)
Pectin (stiffness of jelly)
Glycoprotein (sugar protein)

4. CELL WALL Secondary cell wall form inside the primary wall
Mostly cellulose
Lignins form like matrix for support
Very rigid

5. Communication
Tiny tunnels that allow for cells to exchange “information”
Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesma (singular)
Communication is carried out with sugars, proteins, amino acids, etc

6. Plasma Membrane The flexible membrane of the living cell
Controls the movement of materials in and out of cell

7. Cytoplasm Liquid inside cell Mostly water Cytoplasm
Salts and proteins, too

8. Nucleus The control center Contains DNA Nucleus
DNA is the blueprint of plant biology
Heritable traits

9. Nucleus DNA stored as chromosomes Nuclear envelope is porous
Controls what comes in and goes out

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Directs traffic and activities within the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Primary site for the synthesis of other organelles inside cell
Modifies proteins

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough ER
Ribosomes attached to surface
Smooth ER
Lacking ribosomes

12. Ribosomes Manufacturing complex proteins
Proteins are the basis of living cells
Communication
The passing of information (directions)
Storage of information
Catalysts
Promote reactions
Building proteins

13. Dictyosomes Flat stacks of organelles throughout the cell
Collecting, packaging and delivering centers
Post Offices
Primarily modify proteins for use within the cell
Groups of dictyosomes form the Golgi Apparatus

14. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondrion (singular)
Releases energy from organic molecules
These organelles float within the cell
Congregate where energy needed

15. Mitochondria Inner folds Increased surface area for activity
Cristae
Increased surface area for activity
MITOCHONDRIA ch?v=RrS2uROUjK4

16. Plastids A double membrane bound organelle
Involved in the synthesis and storage of food
Chloroplasts the most common platid
Photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll

17. Plastids Chloroplast The liquid inside chloroplast
Stroma
Contains enzymes utilized in photosynthesis

18. Plastids Chloroplasts “Coins” perform photosynthesis
Thylakoids
A stack of thylakoids
Granum

19. Plastids Chromoplast Fruit and flowers Involved in photosynthesis
Carotenoid pigments create color
Red, yellow, or orange
Fruit and flowers
Tomatoes, peppers

20. Plastids Leucoplasts are colorless plastids 2 types of leucoplasts
Amyloplasts
Synthesize starches
Elaioplasts
Synthesize oils

21. Microbodies Granular bodies floating in cytoplasm Peroxisomes
Produce enzymes to survive heat
Glyoxisomes
Convert fat to carbohydrates (food)

22. Vacuoles Largest organelle Can be one or two in cell
As much as 90% of cell
Can be one or two in cell

23. Vacuoles Vacuoles contain cell sap Vacuoles maintain cell pressure
Proteins, sugars, etc
Anthocyanins
Provides color
Red, blue or purple flowers and some reddish foliage
Vacuoles maintain cell pressure

24. Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton maintains cell structure Microtubules
Maintain structure of cell wall
Microfilaments
Move material and organelles inside cell
Cytoplasmic streaming

25. CELL https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=URUJ D5NEXC8

26. CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

27. Cell Cycle All organisms begin life as a single cell
Division begins almost immediately

28. Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis Living cells are not dividing
Four phases of cell division

29. Mitosis Prophase Nuclear envelope fragments
Chromosomes become shorter and thicker
Contain the DNA
Blueprint of the organism

30. Mitosis Prophase Shorter and thicker chromosomes transform into pairs
Chromotids
Pairs held like bowties
Centromeres (knot)
Technically, two knots together
Dense protein complexes located on outer surface of centromere
Kinetochore

31. Mitosis Prophase Microtubules develop at opposite poles of the cell
Spindle fibers
Attach to centromere
Nuclear envelope has been completely fragmented
Absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum

32. Mitosis
Metaphase
Pairs are lined up in the center of the cell

33. Mitosis Anaphase Sister chromotids separate
Two knots of centromere pull apart by spindles
Moving to opposite poles of the cell

34. Mitosis
Telophase
Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
Cell plate forms between nuclei

36. MITOSIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4govZdjEBrs