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Cells.

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Presentation on theme: "Cells."— Presentation transcript:

1 Cells

2 CELL WALL Rigid outer wall Gives plants support
No skeleton Animal cells do not have cell walls Flexibility

3 CELL WALL Primary cell wall composed of… Cellulose
Primary food source for grazers Also clothing, paper, furniture… Hemicellulose (glue) Pectin (stiffness of jelly) Glycoprotein (sugar protein)

4 CELL WALL Secondary cell wall form inside the primary wall
Mostly cellulose Lignins form like matrix for support Very rigid

5 Communication Tiny tunnels that allow for cells to exchange “information” Plasmodesmata Plasmodesma (singular) Communication is carried out with sugars, proteins, amino acids, etc

6 Plasma Membrane The flexible membrane of the living cell
Controls the movement of materials in and out of cell

7 Cytoplasm Liquid inside cell Mostly water Cytoplasm
Salts and proteins, too

8 Nucleus The control center Contains DNA Nucleus
DNA is the blueprint of plant biology Heritable traits

9 Nucleus DNA stored as chromosomes Nuclear envelope is porous
Controls what comes in and goes out

10 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Directs traffic and activities within the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Primary site for the synthesis of other organelles inside cell Modifies proteins

11 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Rough ER Ribosomes attached to surface Smooth ER Lacking ribosomes

12 Ribosomes Manufacturing complex proteins
Proteins are the basis of living cells Communication The passing of information (directions) Storage of information Catalysts Promote reactions Building proteins

13 Dictyosomes Flat stacks of organelles throughout the cell
Collecting, packaging and delivering centers Post Offices Primarily modify proteins for use within the cell Groups of dictyosomes form the Golgi Apparatus

14 Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondrion (singular) Releases energy from organic molecules These organelles float within the cell Congregate where energy needed

15 Mitochondria Inner folds Increased surface area for activity
Cristae Increased surface area for activity MITOCHONDRIA ch?v=RrS2uROUjK4

16 Plastids A double membrane bound organelle
Involved in the synthesis and storage of food Chloroplasts the most common platid Photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll

17 Plastids Chloroplast The liquid inside chloroplast
Stroma Contains enzymes utilized in photosynthesis

18 Plastids Chloroplasts “Coins” perform photosynthesis
Thylakoids A stack of thylakoids Granum

19 Plastids Chromoplast Fruit and flowers Involved in photosynthesis
Carotenoid pigments create color Red, yellow, or orange Fruit and flowers Tomatoes, peppers

20 Plastids Leucoplasts are colorless plastids 2 types of leucoplasts
Amyloplasts Synthesize starches Elaioplasts Synthesize oils

21 Microbodies Granular bodies floating in cytoplasm Peroxisomes
Produce enzymes to survive heat Glyoxisomes Convert fat to carbohydrates (food)

22 Vacuoles Largest organelle Can be one or two in cell
As much as 90% of cell Can be one or two in cell

23 Vacuoles Vacuoles contain cell sap Vacuoles maintain cell pressure
Proteins, sugars, etc Anthocyanins Provides color Red, blue or purple flowers and some reddish foliage Vacuoles maintain cell pressure

24 Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton maintains cell structure Microtubules
Maintain structure of cell wall Microfilaments Move material and organelles inside cell Cytoplasmic streaming

25 CELL https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=URUJ D5NEXC8

26 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

27 Cell Cycle All organisms begin life as a single cell
Division begins almost immediately

28 Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis Living cells are not dividing
Four phases of cell division

29 Mitosis Prophase Nuclear envelope fragments
Chromosomes become shorter and thicker Contain the DNA Blueprint of the organism

30 Mitosis Prophase Shorter and thicker chromosomes transform into pairs
Chromotids Pairs held like bowties Centromeres (knot) Technically, two knots together Dense protein complexes located on outer surface of centromere Kinetochore

31 Mitosis Prophase Microtubules develop at opposite poles of the cell
Spindle fibers Attach to centromere Nuclear envelope has been completely fragmented Absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum

32 Mitosis Metaphase Pairs are lined up in the center of the cell

33 Mitosis Anaphase Sister chromotids separate
Two knots of centromere pull apart by spindles Moving to opposite poles of the cell

34 Mitosis Telophase Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes Cell plate forms between nuclei

35

36 MITOSIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4govZdjEBrs


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