1. 6: AGRO INDUSTRIES AND WATER
INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT FOR FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF GHAGGAR –YAMUNA PLAIN NARENDRA KUMAR TYAGI NARENDRA KUMAR TYAGI

2. Major problems in Ghaggar- Yamuna Basin:
Inadequate canal water supply.
Excessive ground water withdrawal leading to steep fall in ground water table in freshwater zone.
Low environmental flows during non monsoon period .
Rise in groundwater table in poor water quality zones leading to increase in waterlogged areas and reduction in land productivity.

3. Proposed Concept of IWM
The proposed model of IWM, revolves around enhancing water availability through :
Rain water conservation within cropping areas,
Increased stream-aquifer interaction
Conjunctive use of waters for facilitating brackish water use generated by sub-surface drainage system
Demand management by improving irrigation efficiency though production system mechanization.

4. IWM protocol for Ghaggar -Yamuna basin
Water harvesting in rice fields
Improvement in on-farm water management
Reallocation of crop areas
Saline water disposal through network of sub surface drainage system to Yamuna river
Developed IWM protocol of Ghaggar Yamuna basin
Conjunctive use of fresh and marginal quality water

5. Multiple benefits of rainwater harvesting in rice paddies
Rainwater up to 150 mm could be stored in rice paddies without any damage to crop.
Reduced irrigation requirements and increased green water availability.
Increased aquifer recharge Reduced of ground water pumping cost & carbon emission.
Down sizing of surface drainage network
due to reduced runoff

6. Effective Storage Depth (cm)
Impact of rainfall storage depth on irrigation water applied and crop yield (Transplanting-15 days before harvest)
Particulars
Effective Storage Depth (cm) 10 15 20
Irrigation applied , (cm)
80.52
74.2
73.4
Runoff, (cm)
11.8
2.2
Rainfall stored,(RS)
41.4
50.1
52.3
IR+ RS, (cm)
121.8
124.3
125.7
ET, (cm)
53.4
Deep percolation/
Recharge, (cm)
67.7
71.3
72.4
Crop yield,( t/ha)
6.37
6.84
6.71
Source: Khepar, S D (1999)

7. Increased Stream-Aquifer Interaction(SAI) Discretized finite difference cells for application In steady state hydraulic optimization model in LGB
Bhakhra
Main
Branch
Chandpur
Bhakra Main Line
Alawalwda
Ghaggar River
Rori Br.
Ottu Feader
Daryapur
Fatehabad Dy.
Tahana
Bhana
Pirthia Dy.
Fatehabad
Sanyana
Ludesar
Fatehabad Br.
Adampur
Punjab
Rajasthan
(1, 1)
(1, 2)
(1, 3)
(1, 4)
(1, 5)
(1, 6)
(2, 1)
(2, 2)
(2, 3)
(2, 4)
(2, 5)
(2, 6)
(3, 1)
(3, 2)
(3, 3)
(3, 4)
(3, 5)
(3, 6)
(4, 1)
(4, 2)
(4, 3)
(4, 4)
(4, 5)
(4, 6)
(5, 1)
(5, 2)
(5, 3)
(5, 4)
(5, 5)
(5, 6)
Scale: 1 cm = 8.5 km
Index
State Boundary
Project Boundary
River
Canal
Major location
Nodes

8. Optimized groundwater yield through Enhanced Stream-Aquifer Interaction (SAI)
Optimized pumping rates varied from 0.25 m3s-1 to 8.48 m3s-1, the values , particularly in river cells being several times higher as compared to the existing pumping rates .
The total SAI was of the order of m3s-1 as compared to existing SAI of 16.2 m3s-1.
The model generated total maximized pumping is 44.1m3s-1.The optimized pumping induced about 60 % additional flow from stream to the aquifer

9. SALINE WATER USE FOR INCREASING SUPPLY AND REDUCING WATER LOGGING(Sub surface drainage and conjunctive use)
The marginal quality water can increase supply by % in different parts of the plain.
Quality of saline drainage effluents improves with time and can be conjunctively used for irrigation.
Distribution of monsoon rainfall, seasonal root zone salinity ,variation and long term aquifer salinity balance are important considerations.

10. Waste WATER USE Crop Yield and Water use efficiency (WUE ) in surface Drip (SD) and subsurface drip (SSD) irrigation
Crop
Total applied water,
(cm)
Applied sewage water,
Yield
(t/ha)
WUE,
(t/ha/cm)
S D
SS D SD
Okra
89.1
53.1
8.1
14.7
0.1
0.17
Cabbage
28.8
29.1
33.6
29.4
1.3
1.2
Source: CSSRI Report, 2007
Remarks: Dripper clogging in sewage water application

11. Distribution of E. coli in soil irrigated with Sewage Water through surface and subsurface drip Systems
Distance from plant (cm)
Depth from plant (cm)
E. coli /100 gm of soil SD
SSD
104 30
103 25
102
Source: CSSRI Report,2007
SSD is safer for sewage water use in vegetables

12. Mechanization for Improved Irrigated Farming
Sustainable intensified irrigated agriculture needs rapid farm mechanization.
Some progress made in adoption of zero or minimum tillage and laser land levelling.
Adoption of MIS is at low level, but its market potential is very high
Reallocation of water and diversified cropping is needed for out –scaling of MIS

13. Potential Efficiency of Alternative Irrigation Systems20 40 60 80
100
Modernized
surface system
Sprinkler system
Bubbler and
splitters
Drip irrigation
Raised bed planting
Laser Levelling
Zero Tillage
Furrow Irrigation

14. Relative cost (RCT) of generating additional water through some agricultural water demand management technologies
Adaptation : WRG 2030

15. Summary
In IWM scheme ,green water availability and its utilization in rice paddies are increased. Rice paddies also function as effective ground water recharge basins.
On a limited scale ,the potential SAI for augmenting water supply is indicated
Horizontal subsurface drainage, together with conjunctive use of saline effluents help achieve multiple objectives- lowering of water table, generating water for irrigation, reducing root zone salinity and creating space for storing fresh water in root zone. It is however necessary to maintain balance between effluent use and its disposal for salt balance
Contd….

16. Per unit land, water and energy ;productivity enhancement is possible only through mechanization of agriculture production system. It will create demand for more energy ,but the intensity of energy use per unit product/income generated would decrease leading to cut in CO2eemissions .
Finally, based on scientific investigations, the potential of IWM as a practical tool to maintain high agricultural productivity without invoking adverse environmental impacts on sub basin scale, has to an extent, been established.

17. Thank You