1. The Civil War
Part 4

3. The New Mexico Campaign
Fall of 1861—General Henry H. Sibley leads Texas regiments into the New Mexico territory
Confederate Goal—gain control of the Southwest and its valuable mines; obtain access to Pacific ports
Result—Texans troops are forced to retreat after the Battle of Glorieta Pass, and the Union retains control of the Southwest.

4. Fighting at Galveston Island
Summer 1862—U.S. Navy has blockaded all Texas ports
Confederate Goal—regain control of Galveston
Result—After an attack led by Confederate General John B. Magruder and his “Cottonclads”, the Confederate regains control of the port, and would retain it for the remainder of the war.

5. Battle of Sabine Pass
September 8, 1862—General William B. Franklin sails up the Sabine River with 17 Union vessels and 4,000 troops to capture Beaumont and Houston.
Confederate Goal—Stop the Union invasion of Texas up Sabine Pass
Result—47 Confederate troops known as the Davis Guards commanded by Richard Dowling attack the Union and obtain two vessels and 350 Union soldiers. The battle is an important victory for the Confederate and foiled.

6. The Coast and South Texas
November 1863—Wanting to cut-off the South’s Mexican trade routes, Union General Nathaniel Banks attacks and captures Brownsville, Matagorda Island, and Indianola.
Union Colonel E. J. Davis (a Texan) successfully captures Rio Grande City but is unable to capture Laredo after being stopped by Texan leader Santos Benavides. Union forces are then called out of Brownsville, allowing the Confederates to regain control.
Confederate Goal—protect border region and trade routes with Mexico
Result—Texas troops drive Union forces from the mainland

7. The Red River Campaign
The Union planned the Red River Campaign to cut supplies from entering the South through Texas and to gain control of cotton. As a result, many Union forces were pulled from South Texas to serve at the Red River, allowing the Confederates to regain Brownsville.
April 8, 1864—Confederate forces led by General Richard Taylor intercept Union troops near Sabine Crossroads and forced the Union to retreat.
April 18, Another Union invasion of Texas was thwarted at Poison Springs, AK and ended the Union’s attempts to invade Texas along the Red River.
Confederate Goal—stop Union invasions up the Red River and from Arkansas
Result—Confederate forces defeated the Union at both invasions

9. The Texas Homefront
Texans suffered less than other Confederate states.

10. The Texas Home Front Cause decrease in labor force military draft
economic
shortages
Effect
Union naval blockade prevented
trade. Many goods
sent to the army.
Many Texas men
were fighting in
the war.
Volunteers did not
provide enough
soldiers for the
Confederacy.
Texans used substitute items, made more items by hand, and grew
more corn and
wheat for the army.
Women and men
at home ran farms,
worked in factories,
and organized
groups to aid in
the war effort.
White men between
18 and 35 had to
serve (later between
17 and 50). Draft
loopholes led to
some opposition.

11. The Wartime Economy and Draft
Goods (such as paper, medicine, and coffee) become scarce and expensive.
Texans adapted to shortages by using homemade/homegrown items.
Farmers grew less cotton and more corn and wheat.
Slaveholders from other states sent their slaves to Texas to prevent them from being freed.
Women and children ran the family farm and worked in factories.

12. The Wartime Economy and Draft
April 1862—The Confederate’s Congress enacted a draft to get more soldiers.
The draft called for all while males ages to serve
Later, age limits were expanded to 17-50
The draft was unpopular because it had loopholes allowing some to “buy” their way out of service.

13. Unionists in Texas
The draft caused problems for some Texans who were Unionists.
Some fled Texas.
Most joined the war effort, but refused to fight.
Unionists were viewed as potentially dangerous traitors and placed areas with high Unionist populations under Martial Law.
Martial Law is the temporary suspension of civilian law and the application of military law to maintain order and security.

14. Unionists in Texas Some Unionists were violently attacked.
October 1862—Confederate troops arrest Unionists and hang 40 of them in the “Great Hanging” in Gainesville.