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Enzymes Chapter 8
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Learning Targets I can describe the structure and explain the significance and functions of enzymes in biological systems I can describe why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. I can explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. I can explain the interactions between substrates and active sites of enzymes. I can explain how the following affect enzymatic function: Enzyme and substrate concentrations pH, temperature and salinity coenzymes inhibition; competitive, non-competitive and allosteric cooperativity I can describe the role that enzymes play in feedback inhibition. I can design a lab that quantifiably measures the effect of an environmental factor on enzymatic activity.
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Structure Protein Recall 4 levels of structure and bonds that hold them in place Substrate-specific: the active site is specifically shaped so only certain molecules fit on it
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Learning Targets I can describe the structure and explain the significance and functions of enzymes in biological systems I can describe why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. I can explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. I can explain the interactions between substrates and active sites of enzymes. I can explain how the following affect enzymatic function: Enzyme and substrate concentrations pH, temperature and salinity coenzymes inhibition; competitive, non-competitive and allosteric cooperativity I can describe the role that enzymes play in feedback inhibition. I can design a lab that quantifiably measures the effect of an environmental factor on enzymatic activity.
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Activation Energy How reactions work:
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Learning Targets I can describe the structure and explain the significance and functions of enzymes in biological systems I can describe why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. I can explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. I can explain the interactions between substrates and active sites of enzymes. I can explain how the following affect enzymatic function: Enzyme and substrate concentrations pH, temperature and salinity coenzymes inhibition; competitive, non-competitive and allosteric cooperativity I can describe the role that enzymes play in feedback inhibition. I can design a lab that quantifiably measures the effect of an environmental factor on enzymatic activity.
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Enzymes are Catalysts
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Induced Fit Shape of active site can change slightly as substrate binds The active site is then molded into a precise conformation--sort of like a hand in a glove So, some enzymes can act on similar molecules, not just specific ones
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Learning Targets I can describe the structure and explain the significance and functions of enzymes in biological systems I can describe why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. I can explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. I can explain the interactions between substrates and active sites of enzymes. I can explain how the following affect enzymatic function: Enzyme and substrate concentrations pH, temperature and salinity coenzymes inhibition; competitive, non-competitive and allosteric cooperativity I can describe the role that enzymes play in feedback inhibition. I can design a lab that quantifiably measures the effect of an environmental factor on enzymatic activity.
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Enzyme-Substrate Interaction
How do the following relate to enzymes? active site substrate induced fit energy of activation
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Learning Targets I can describe the structure and explain the significance and functions of enzymes in biological systems I can describe why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. I can explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. I can explain the interactions between substrates and active sites of enzymes. I can explain how the following affect enzymatic function: Enzyme and substrate concentrations pH, temperature and salinity coenzymes inhibition; competitive, non-competitive and allosteric cooperativity I can describe the role that enzymes play in feedback inhibition. I can design a lab that quantifiably measures the effect of an environmental factor on enzymatic activity.
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Enzyme-Substrate Concentration
Enzymes act on one molecule at a time Reach a saturation point when all enzymes are engaged in reaction
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pH, Temperature, Salinity
All enzymes have a specific range for optimal performance Outside of that range denature don’t function
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Denaturation
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Inhibiting Factors Prevent/Interfere with Enzyme Function
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Competitive Inhibition
Competitive inhibitor has same shape as substrate (competes for active site) Prevents substrate from binding to active site by binding to active site itself
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Allosteric Inhibition
Inhibitor binds to allosteric site of enzyme Active site changes shape, no substrate binds
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Enhancing Factors Help/Increase Enzyme Function
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Cofactors & Coenzymes Cofactor assist with catalytic activities of enzyme Coenzyme is an organic cofactor Ex: vitamins
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Allosteric Activation
Change in the enzyme’s shape due to binding of activator at allosteric site Enzyme is stabilized by activator
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Allosteric Cooperativity
One substrate molecule primes an enzyme to receive more substrates readily Ex: hemoglobin
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Learning Targets I can describe the structure and explain the significance and functions of enzymes in biological systems I can describe why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. I can explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. I can explain the interactions between substrates and active sites of enzymes. I can explain how the following affect enzymatic function: Enzyme and substrate concentrations pH, temperature and salinity coenzymes inhibition; competitive, non-competitive and allosteric cooperativity I can describe the role that enzymes play in feedback inhibition. I can design a lab that quantifiably measures the effect of an environmental factor on enzymatic activity.
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Feedback Inhibition The switching off of a biochemical pathway by the product of the pathway Negative feedback Conserve energy!
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Bozeman Enzymes Video
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Learning Targets I can describe the structure and explain the significance and functions of enzymes in biological systems I can describe why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction. I can explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions. I can explain the interactions between substrates and active sites of enzymes. I can explain how the following affect enzymatic function: Enzyme and substrate concentrations pH, temperature and salinity coenzymes inhibition; competitive, non-competitive and allosteric cooperativity I can describe the role that enzymes play in feedback inhibition. I can design a lab that quantifiably measures the effect of an environmental factor on enzymatic activity.
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AP Lab 13 Bozeman video
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