1. Basic Referencing OU Harvard

3. OU Harvard :

4. Referencing There are two inter-related aspects of referencing:
The first part appears in the body of the assignment and is referred to as an in-text reference, or an in-text citation. For example, if you mention a particular book or chapter in your assignment, you add the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication, e.g. (Barker, 2010)
The second part appears at the end of the assignment, and is usually referred to as a ‘reference list’, presented in alphabetical order.

5. In-text citations
These indicate in your work where you have used ideas or material from other sources. Here are some examples using the OU Harvard style. If, for example, your source is a book written by Brown and published in 1999, your in-text references would follow one of these three formats:
Further work (Brown, 1999) supports this claim
Further work by Brown (1999) supports this claim
‘This theory is supported by recent work’ (Brown, 1999, p. 25).

6. Making connections
The important thing is to make sure the in-text reference links up with the right source in the reference list.
i.e. If the in-text reference is (Barker, 2010), the reader needs to be able to go to the alphabetical reference list, look under ‘B’ and find the full details:
Barker, M. (2010). Mindfulness approaches. In Barker, M., Vossler, A. and Langdridge, D. (eds) Understanding counselling and psychotherapy, London, Sage/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 167–187.

7. Referencing a Book (as a whole)
If the in-text reference is from a book, then in the reference list the following elements must be included:
Author(s), A. (Year) Title of book, Place of Publication, Publisher.
e.g.
Miell, D., Phoenix, A. & Thomas, K. (eds) (2007) Mapping psychology (2nd edn) Milton Keynes, The Open University.
(If you are citing a module textbook, you need to look inside the book to find the name of the publisher and date of publication.)

8. Chapter in Edited Book
If the in-text reference is from a chapter in a book (most likely in D 240), then in the reference list the following elements need to be included:
Author of chapter, A. (year of publication) ‘Title of chapter’, in Author A. (ed[s]) Title of Book, Place of publication, Publisher, page extent.
e.g.
Phoenix, A. (2007) ‘Identities and diversities’, in Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (eds) Mapping psychology (2nd edn), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp

9. Secondary Sources
In first and second level courses, you will frequently be referring to a source that is mentioned in the study materials (i.e. you haven’t read the original source), and this is regarded as a secondary reference.
In the text - you need to make it clear to the reader that you have not read the original. For example, if you were reading a chapter that referred to work that you wanted to cite, you need to acknowledge both the primary and secondary sources in the main body of your assignment. E.g.
Goldberg (1981) cited in McAvoy (2012, p. 21) described

10. Secondary Sources contd.
In your reference list
you do not need to include the primary or original work. Instead, you just need to reference the secondary source (where you found the material):
E.g.
McAvoy, J. (2012) ‘Exposing the authoritarian personality’, in Brace, N. and Byford, J. (eds) Investigating Psychology, Oxford, Oxford University Press/Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 14–56.

11. Module online audio-visual material
In the text:
(The Open University, year of module start) or The Open University (year of module start) shows ..
E.g. In The Migration Story (The Open University, 2009)…

12. Audio-Visual Material contd.
In the reference list :
The Open University (year of module start) ‘Title of audio/video’ [Audio/Video/Video clip], Module code and title. Available at URL (Accessed date).
Eg.
The Open University (2009) ‘The migration story’ [Video], U116 Environment: journeys through a changing world. Available at (Accessed 5 May 2010).

13. Quotations
If you are directly quoting material (i.e. using the exact form of words used in the original and putting the text in quote marks), you will also need to include the page number(s) of the quoted material in your in-text citation, for example:
Bloggs talks about ‘the importance of preparation’ for interviews (2007, p. 57).

14. Weblinks OU Harvard Referencing Guide
Social Sciences Guidance