Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
The Chemistry of Living Things
Biology MCAS Review Strand 1: The Chemistry of Living Things
2
The Nature of Matter
3
Is the basic unit of matter
The Atom Is the basic unit of matter Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron E- P+ o N
4
Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electrons Positive Negative
5
Elements Are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom More than 100 elements are known Represented by a letter symbol
6
Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.
Compounds Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. What is NaCl? How about H20?
7
Acids, Bases, and pH
8
pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
That's SOUR!!
9
pH Scale At a pH of 7, the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are equal Ranges from 0-14 Acidic Basic
10
Solutions below 7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure water
11
Solutions above 7 are called basic, because they have less H+ ions than pure water
12
Carbon Compounds
14
What’s so great about Carbon?
It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings Click me!
15
Carbon bonds with... Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
16
Monomers bond together to make a polymer
The Macromolecules Monomers bond together to make a polymer Like a chain of molecules
17
4 major macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
18
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O, with a ratio of 1:2:1.
19
Carb Function? Main source of energy for all cellular activity
Provides structure for plants and animals Humans store extra sugar as glycogen
20
Single sugar molecule Smallest is glucose Examples include: Glucose
Monosaccharides Single sugar molecule Smallest is glucose Examples include: Glucose Galactose Fructose
21
released from liver when blood sugar is low
Polysaccharides Large Macromolecules Glycogen Cellulose released from liver when blood sugar is low give plants strength
22
LIPIDS Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic) Mostly carbon and hydrogen
Include fats, oils, steroids, and waxes
23
Lipid Function? Used to store energy Part of cell membranes
Waterproofing
24
Form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids
Lipids... Form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids Saturated (no carbon-carbon double bonds) fat is bad for you!
25
Nucleic Acids Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous Are polymers assembled from nucleotides. Store and transmit genetic information Include RNA & DNA
26
Nucleic acids consist of :
5-carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base Click Me!
27
Proteins contain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen
are Chains of amino acids Proteins have Many different functions!
28
Protein function? Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes Form bone and muscle Transport substances into or out of cells Help to fight disease
29
1. Carbohydrates = + = H2O Disaccharide + ____ Monosaccharide
30
Fat Molecule +_________
2. Lipids = Alcohol 3 Fatty Acids + = 3 H2O Fat Molecule +_________
31
3. Proteins = Amino Acid Amino Acid + = Dipeptide + _____ H2O
32
Chemical Reactions & Enzymes
Chemical reactions change one set of chemicals into another Reactants Products Chem rxns always involve bond changes! Rust!
33
Paper will only burn if lit with a match!
How do you start a reaction? ACTIVATION ENERGY Paper will only burn if lit with a match! Good thing!
34
Are proteins that act as biological catalysts
ENZYMES Are proteins that act as biological catalysts Speed up chemical reactions Lower activation energy Are very specific, only work with certain substrates
35
Regulate chemical pathways Make materials for cells Release energy
Enzyme Roles Regulate chemical pathways Make materials for cells Release energy Transfer information
36
VOCABULARY
37
This reduces the energy needed for the reaction
Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react This reduces the energy needed for the reaction The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates ACTIVE SITE
38
Do enzymes require certain conditions?
Enzymes work best at a certain pH Enzymes work best at certain temperatures
39
At what temp. do you think enzymes in the human body work best????
37? 98.6??
Similar presentations
