1. Anticipations in the control of voluntary behavior
Joachim Hoffmann
Dept. of Cognition and Behavior
University of Würzburg
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2. J. Hoffmann: ABC Anticipatory Behavioral Control Mind Races Meeting April 2006

3. Action-induced anticipations are needed for stabilizing perception1.
Action-induced anticipations are needed for stabilizing perception
J. Hoffmann: ABC Anticipatory Behavioral Control Mind Races Meeting April 2006

4. Reafference principle von Holst und Mittelstaedt (1950)
perception of
exafference
efference
anticipated reafference _
efference-copy +
muscles
reafference &
exafference
„The efference copy and the reafference cancel each other.“ (p.145)
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5. Action-induced anticipations control the execution of voluntary acts2.
Action-induced anticipations control the execution of voluntary acts
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6. Anticipations serve as a reference signal (Adams, 1971)
„Beginning the movement brings an anticipatory arousal of the [perceptual] trace, and the feedback from the ongoing movement is compared with it“ (Adams, 1971, p.123).
initial
motor commands
feedforward
perceptual trace
motor commands
perception
muscles
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7. anticipations of sensory effects
Anticipations serve to substitute missing feedback after Desmurget & Crafton, 2000
anticipations of sensory effects
error signal
motor commands
target location
hand location
proprioception
muscles
„During the realization of the movement, a forward model of the dynamics of the arm is generated. In its simplest version, this model receives as input a copy of the motor outflow. Based on this information, the end-point of the movement can be predicted and continously compared to the target location“. (p.426)
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8. Anticipations even precede voluntary acts for their selection3.
Anticipations even precede voluntary acts for their selection
„For the ideo-motor mechanism, a fundamentally different state of affairs is proposed in which a current response is selected on the basis of its own anticipated sensory feedback“ (Greenwald, 1970, p.93).
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9. J. F. Herbart (1825, p. 464, rough translation):
"Right after the birth of a human being or an animal, certain movements in the joints develop, for merely organic reasons … each of these movements elicits a certain feeling ... In the same instance, the outside senses perceive what change has come about... If, at a later time, a desire for the change observed earlier arises, the feeling associated with the observation reproduces itself. This feeling … corresponds to all the inner and outer states in nerves and muscles through which the intended change in the sphere of sensual perception can be brought about. Hence, what has been desired actually happens; and the success is perceived. Through this, the association is reinforced: the action, once performed, makes the following one easier and so on".
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10. 2.Reinforcement of action-effect associations
A simplified illustration of the formation of bidirectional action-effect associations (according to J.F. Herbart, 1825)
1.Latent formation of bidirectional action-effect associations
sensory
effects
action
action
intended
effects
produced
2.Reinforcement of action-effect associations
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11. Elsner, B., & Hommel, B. (2001). Effect anticipation and action control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27,
Elsner, B., & Hommel, B. (2004). Contiguity and contingency in action-effect learning. Psychological Research.
Hazeltine, E. (2002). The representational nature of sequence learning: evidence for goal-based codes. In W. Prinz & B. Hommel (Eds.), Common mechanisms in perception and action. Attention and Performance XIX: (pp ). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hoffmann, J., Sebald, A., & Stoecker, C. (2001). Irrelevant response effects improve serial learning in serial reaction time tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27,
Hommel, B. (1993). Inverting the Simon effect by intention. Psychological Research, 55,
Hommel, B. (1996). The cognitive representation of action: Automatic integration of perceived action effects. Psychological Research, 59,
Hommel, B., Alonso, D., & Fuentes, L. J. (2003). Acquisition and generalization of action effects. Visual cognition, 10,
Kiesel, A., & Hoffmann, J. (2004). Variable action effects: Response control by context-specific effect anticipations. Psychological Research.
Kunde, W. (2001). Response-effect compatibility in manual choice reaction tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27,
Kunde, W. (2003). Temporal response-effect compatibility. Psychological Research, 67,
Kunde, W., Hoffmann, J, & Zellmann, P. (2002). The impact of anticipated action effects on action planning. Acta Psychologica, 109,
Kunde, W., Koch, I., & Hoffmann, J. (2004). Anticipated action effects affect the selection, initiation and execution of actions. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section A: Human Experimental Psychology.
Nattkemper, D., & Ziessler, M. (2004). Cognitive control of action: The role of action effects. Psychological Research.
Stoecker, C. & Hoffmann, J. (2004). The ideomotor principle and motor sequence acquisition: Tone effects facilitate movement chunking. Psychological Research.
Stoecker, C. , Sebald, A., & Hoffmann, J. (2003). The influence of response-effect compatibility in a serial reaction time task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56A,
Ziessler, M. (1998). Response-effect learning as a major component of implicit serial learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24,
Ziessler, M. & Nattkemper, D. (2001). Learning of event sequences is based on response-effect learning: Further evidence from serial reaction task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27,
Ziessler, M. & Nattkemper, D. (2002). Effect anticipation in action planning. In W. Prinz & B. Hommel (Eds.), Attention and Performance XIX: Common mechanisms in perception and action (pp ). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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12. Wilfried Kunde
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13. Der Simon Effekt (Simon & Rudel, 1967)
compatible
incompatible
Faster responses if the location of the imperative signal and the location of the response button are compatible l r l r l r l r
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14. If there is a dimensional overlap between the stimulus set and the response set in terms of space, time or intensity, compatible S-R assignments are accomplished faster than incompatible assignments.
dimensional overlap
stimulus set
effect set
response set
stimulus
set
response set
effect set
effect
anticipations
If selecting a response indeed requires the anticipation of its sensory effects, the same compatibility phenomena should appear between effects and responses as between stimuli and responses.
dimensional overlap
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15. Response-Effect Compatibility regarding space Kunde, W. (2001)
Response-Effect Compatibility regarding space Kunde, W. (2001). JEP: HPP, Experiment 1
490 ms
511 ms
<
compatible
response-effect mapping
non-compatible
response-effect mapping 1 4 1 4 2 3 2 3
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16. Response-Effect compatibility regarding duration Kunde W. (2003). Psych.Res., Experiment 1
<
376 ms
392 ms
compatible
response-effect mapping
non-compatible
response-effect mapping    
short keypress (dit)
short tone
long tone    
long keypress (dah)
long tone
short tone
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17. Response-Effect compatibility regarding intensity Kunde, W. (2001)
Response-Effect compatibility regarding intensity Kunde, W. (2001). JEP:HPP, Exp. 2
349 ms
399 ms
<
compatible
response-effect mapping
non-compatible
response-effect mapping  
Soft keypress
quiet tone
loud tone  
Strong keypress
loud tone
quiet tone
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18. Thus, the response-effect compatibility phenomenon is a very robust one. It occurs in the dimensions of space, time, and intensity. As in all these experiments the effects always were presented after the execution of the response, their impact on response latencies (and errors) proves that representations of the effects have to be activated before the responses are finally selected.
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19. ABC: Anticipatory Behavioral Control
Hoffmann (1993) „Vorhersage und Erkenntnis“
strengthening of reinforced action-effect associations
The formation of stimulus-action associations
initial
conditions
intended
effect
real
effect
action
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20. 4.
Voluntary acts are also preceded by anticipations of the situation they usually or necessarily have to start from.
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21. N. Ach (1913)
According to Ach, a voluntary act has an objective moment (gegenständliche Moment) which relates an image of what one strives for (Zielvorstellung) to an image of the situation to which the intention refers (Bezugsvorstellung).
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22. Wilfried Kunde Andrea Kiesel
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23. Adaptation of response specific stimulus anticipations
Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann (2003). Cognition
incongruent trials
congruent trials
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24. Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann (2003). Cognition
Experiment 1
congruent
incongruent
Primes
Targets 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
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25. Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann (2003). Cognition
Experiment 3
congruent
incongruent
Primes
Targets 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
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26. Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann (2003). Cognition
Experiment 1
Experiment 3
congruent
incongruent
congruent
incongruent
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27. Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann (2003). Cognition
Experiment 1
Experiment 3
Primes
Targets 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
Primes
Targets 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 2 3 7 8
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