1. Bell Ringer Friday January 6, 2017
Based on the part of the lab that we did yesterday, name a producer, consumer and decomposer from the card sort.

2. Food Chains, Food Webs, and the Transfer of Energy

3. Living Things Living things are also called organisms.
Biology is the study of organisms, their environments and how they interact with each other and their surroundings.
copyright cmassengale

4. Habitats A habitat is where an organism lives.
An organism’s niche is the role it plays in the environment. (producer, consumer, decomposer)
All habitats contain both biotic and abiotic factors
Biotic factors- parts of an environment that are living (plants, animals, bacteria, etc…)
These also include the remains of dead organisms as well as the wastes of the organisms. (bones, feces, teeth, etc …)
Abiotic factors- parts of an environment that are not living, were never alive nor were ever part of a living thing (air, rocks, temperature, oxygen levels, etc…)

5. What Are the Main Characteristics of Organisms?
Made of cells
Require energy (food)
Reproduction (species)
Maintain homeostasis
Organization
Respond to environment
Grow and develop
EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
copyright cmassengale

6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Nonliving Levels:
Atom (element)
Molecule (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins)
Organelles (nucleus, ER, Golgi …)
copyright cmassengale

7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
Cells (makes up ALL organisms)
Tissues (cells working together)
Organs (heart, brain, stomach …)
Organ systems (respiratory, circulatory …)
Organism (human)
copyright cmassengale

8. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
Population (one species in an area)
Community (several populations in an area)
Ecosystem (forest, prairie …)
Biome (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…)
Biosphere (all living and nonliving things on Earth)
copyright cmassengale

9. Autotrophs
A groups of organisms that can use the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into Glucose (food)
Autotrophs are also called Producers because they produce all of the food that heterotrophs use
Without autotrophs, there would be no life on this planet
Ex. Plants and Algae

10. Autotrophs

11. Autotrophs Chemotrophs
Autotrophs that get their energy from inorganic substances, such as salt
Live deep down in the ocean where there is no sunlight
Ex. Bacteria and Deep Sea Worms

12. Heterotrophs Organisms that do not make their own food
Another term for Heterotroph is consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live
Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms

13. Heterotrophs

14. Heterotrophs Consumers
1. Scavengers/Detritivores – feed on the tissue of dead organisms (both plans and animals)
Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp

15. Heterotrophs Consumers 2. Herbivores – eat ONLY plants
Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes

16. Heterotrophs Consumers 3. Carnivores – eat ONLY meat
Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks

17. Heterotrophs Consumers 4. Omnivores – eat BOTH plants and animals
Ex. – Bears and Humans

18. Heterotrophs Consumers
5. Decomposers – absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers
Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms

19. Transfer of Energy
When a zebra eats the grass, it does not obtain all of the energy the grass has (much of it is not eaten)
When a lion eats a zebra, it does not get all of the energy from the zebra (much of it is lost as heat)

20. Transfer of Energy
The two (2) previous examples of energy transfer show that no organism EVER receives all of the energy from the organism they just ate
Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next – this is called the 10% law

21. Trophic Levels
Energy moves from one organisms to another when it is eaten
Each step in this transfer of energy is know as a trophic level
The main trophic levels are producers, consumers, and decomposers

22. Food Chains
The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is know as a food chain
A food chain is simple and direct
It involves one organism at each trophic level
Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs (producers)
Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers
Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary consumers
Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

23. Food Chain

24. Food Web Most organisms eat more the JUST one organism
When more organism are involved it is know as a FOOD WEB
Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms

25. Food Web

26. Food Web
Notice that the direction the arrow points  the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer, NOT “what ate what”

27. Food Web

28. Monday January 9, 2017 Bell Ringer
Describe and sketch what you think happens in the water cycle.

29. Biomass
The total mass of the organic matter at each trophic level is called biomass
Biomass is just another term for potential energy – energy that is to be eaten and used.
The transfer of energy from one level to another is very inefficient (10% Law)

30. Biomass

31. Ecological Pyramid
An ecological pyramid shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different trophic levels in an ecosystem
Shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained at each trophic level
The Pyramid shows which level has the most energy and the highest number of organisms

32. Ecological Pyramid

33. Ecological Pyramid

34. Ecological Pyramid Which level has the most energy?
Which level has the most organisms?
Which level has the least organisms?
Which level has the least energy?

35. Symbiosis
A close and permanent association between organisms of different species
Commensalism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected
Example: Barnacles on a whale
Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other
Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back
Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Example: Ticks on a dog

36. Predator/Prey Relationships
Predators are animals that hunt and kill other animals for food.
Prey are the animals that are hunted by the predators.
Example: In the African savannas, lions and wildebeest inhabit the same area. The lions are the predators and the wildebeest are the prey.

37. Ecological Succession
A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones
1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where there is no existing communities and for some reason (s) a new community of organisms move into the area

38. Ecological Succession
A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones
2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area where an existing community is partially damaged

39. Ecological Succession
A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones
3. Climax Community – a community that is stable and has a great diversity of organisms

40. Biogeochemical Cycles

41. Biogeochemical Cycles
describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment.

42. Hydrological Cycle

43. Hydrological Cycle (water cycle)
1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land 2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water 3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes

44. Hydrological Cycle
1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land.
2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water.
3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes.

45. Carbon Cycle

47. Carbon Cycle (carbon is required for building organic compounds)
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as CO2), fossil fuels (oil, coal), durable organic materials (for example: cellulose).
2. Assimilation – plants use CO2 in photosynthesis; animals consume plants.
3. Release – plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and decomposition; CO2 is released as wood and fossil fuels are burned.

48. Nitrogen Cycle

49. Nitrogen Cycle (Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of amino acids and nucleic acids)
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N2); soil (as NH4+ or ammonium, NH3 or ammonia, N02- or nitrite, N03- or nitrate

50. Nitrogen Cycle
2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH4+ or as N03-, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. The stages in the assimilation of nitrogen are as follows:
Nitrogen Fixation: N2 to NH4+ by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (prokaryotes in the soil and root nodules), N2 to N03- by lightning and UV radiation.
Nitrification: NH4+ to N02- and N02- to N03- by various nitrifying bacteria.

51. Nitrogen Cycle
3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N03- back to N2 (denitrification); detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+ (ammonification); animals excrete NH4+ (or NH3) urea, or uric acid.

52. Nitrogen Cycle
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N2); soil (as NH4+ or ammonium, NH3 or ammonia, N02- or nitrite, N03- or nitrate
2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH4+ or as N03-, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals.
3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N03- back to N2; detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+ ; animals excrete NH4+, urea, or uric acid.

53. Phosphorus Cycle

54. Phosphorus Cycle (Phosphorus is required for the manufacture of ATP and all nucleic acids)
1. Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes 2. Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals 3. Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

55. Phosphorus Cycle
Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes
Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals
Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

56. Other Minerals
Biogeochemical cycles of other minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, are similar to the phosphorus cycle.