1. Amendments 13-27

2. Civil War Amendments 13, 14, 15th Amendment
Passed at the end of the Civil War
Also known as the Reconstruction Amendments
Passed by Radical Republicans in Congress to impose political and social reforms on Southern States
South circumvented by passing “Black Codes” or “Jim Crow Laws” – laws meant to keep African American’s in an inferior position by limiting their civil rights and freedoms

3. 13th Amendment
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction”
Eliminates slavery in the United States

4. 14th Amendment
(A)“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. (B)No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any (C) state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the (D)equal protection of the laws.”
Due Process Clause – right to be treated fairly (due Process), especially when accused of a crime
Equal Protection Clause – right to be treated the same (no discrimination)
Incorporation Clause – All States must follow the Bill of Rights
Citizenship Clause – anyone born in the U.S. is a citizen of the U.S. C D B A

5. 14th Amendment Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. BOE of Topeka
Courts ruled “Separate but Equal” didn’t violate 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause
Brown v. BOE of Topeka
Separate but equal is unconstitutional and violates the equal protection clause
Separate schools are unequal and deny minorities equal protection
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

6. 15th Amendment 15th Amendment
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Grants African American Male citizens the Right to Vote
Circumvented by many states for decades
Poll Taxes – Fee to vote
Literacy (Reading/Writing) Tests
Grandfather Clauses – Grandfather had to have voted in the previous election

7. Jim Crow Laws Used primarily in southern states
Separate facilities for both public and private items
Schools
Transportation
Water Fountains
Parks
Military Units

8. Progressive Amendments
Progressivism – term applied to the political, economic and social reforms that resulted due to problems created by the Industrial Revolution
Cause – Problems due to Industrial Revolution ie.
political corruption
Temperance movement (evils of alcohol)
growing gap between the rich and the poor
Amendments 16, 17, 18, 19 were passed
(21 was not passed during the Progressive Era)

9. Progressive Amendments
16th (Meaning)- Gave the federal government the power to collect a graduated income tax (pay based on income)
Cause - gap between the rich and the poor
Economic Reform
Effect – lowered economic disparity
Way to Remember: At 16 you can work, but have to pay taxes

10. Progressive Amendments
17th (Meaning) – Direct Election of Senators by the people
Cause – political corruption in State Legislatures who previously appointed Senators
Political Reform
Effect - More democratic – power to the people (popular sovereignty)

11. Progressive Amendments
18th (Meaning)– Prohibition – illegal to sell, manufacture or transport alcohol
Cause : Came out of the temperance movement – blaming alcohol for societies ills (unemployment, abuse, etc)
Social/Moral Reform
Effect – rise in organized crime, bootlegging, speakeasies
Way to Remember – You CAN’T drink at 18

12. Progressive Amendments
19th (Meaning)- Women’s right to vote
Cause : Women working in factories WWI
Political Reform
Effect: Doubled voting population

13. 21st Amendment 21st (Meaning)– Repeal of prohibition
Cause: Rise in crime, decrease in tax revenues
Social/Moral
Effect: Reduction in crime, States allowed to determine drinking requirements
Way to Remember – You CAN drink at 21
Map showing dry (red), wet (blue), and mixed (yellow) counties in the United States.

14. Suffrage Amendments
“Suffrage Amendments” = voting population or electorate was expanded (Popular Sovereignty)
15 – African American Men
19 – Women – doubled voting population WWI
23 – Washington D.C. (given 3 electoral votes for President )
24 – ended Poll Taxes (Fees for voting)
26 – 18 yr olds (fought in Vietnam, but couldn’t vote)

21. Presidential Amendments
12th, 20th,22nd , 23rd,25th
Amendments detailing issues pertaining to the Presidency

22. Presidential Amendments
12th – Changed how the President would be elected by the Electoral College
Cause: Election of 1796 – Adams (Federalist) elected Pres and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) Elected VP
Constitution stated each elector would receive two votes. Cast their votes for the top two people to be Pres. Most votes Pres, Second most VP
Effect: Electors must pick a President and VP ensuring both come from the same party
Way to Remember: 2 Votes – 1 vote for Pres, one for VP

23. Presidential Amendments
20th – Changed start date of new terms for Congress and President from March to Jan. (Jan 3 - Congress, Jan 20th – Pres)
Known as the “lame duck” amendment
Cause: Newer and Faster Transportation made long delay unnecessary
Effect:
Congress Session starts at noon on Jan. 3 and President is sworn in on Jan 20th
Way to Remember: 20th Day in Jan = 20th Amend

24. Presidential Amendments
22nd - Limits terms of Presidents to 2
Cause: FDR was the first President to serve for more than two years. He served for 3 terms.
Effect: Some feel that 8 years is not enough
Way to Remember – 2 terms, 22
Limited Government

25. Presidential Amendments
25th - defined the presidential succession if something should happen to the president. The first in line is the Vice-President.
Cause: Death of President Kennedy
Effect: Vice President (Joe Biden) to become president in the event of Death, Resignation, Impeachment, impairment
If both VP and Pres die, the succession occurs as follows
Speaker of the House John Boehner
President pro tempore of the Senate1 Patrick Leahy
Way to Remember – 25 people in line for the Presidency

26. Amendments of Unique Historical Significance
Amendments with Unique Historical Significance - 11, 21, 27
11 - addressed judicial power
21 - repealed a previous amendment
27 - took 200 years to be ratified

27. 11th Amendment Cause: Chisolm v. Georgia
Georgia didn’t pay a bill it owed a S.C. businessman
Supreme Court Ruling – States are subject to lawsuits by individuals
Effect: 11th Amendment – overturned Chisolm v. Georgia and the Supreme Court’s decision
An individual from one state can’t sue a another state
Importance: First time an Amendment was passed that overturned a ruling by the Supreme Court

28. 21st Amendment
Cause – Forcing moral beliefs on others, crime, loss of jobs, lawlessness
Effect: Prohibition ended
Importance – the only Amendment to be repealed
An amendment can only be repealed by another amendment

29. 27th Amendment Concern from citizens over Congressional pay raises
Cause:
Concern from citizens over Congressional pay raises
Conflicting interests – Congress passes it’s own pay raises
Effect – Citizens have a chance to vote Congressional members out of office if they give themselves too big of a raise!
Submitted in 1789 and was adopted, over 200 years later, in 1992