1. Personality
CHAPTER 4
Idrees jabarkhail

2. Personality and Emotions
People are sometimes
Passive (don’t care what others do)
Aggressive
Assertive
Submissive
It means they have personality differences

3. Definition; What is Personality?
Personality is the combination of behavior, emotion, motivation, and thought patterns that define an individual ,the word personality is originated from Latin word persona ,which means “mask”.

4. Personality Determinants(عوامل)
How we determine(تعیین) the personality of an individual.
Whether the personality is determined by birth, means it is the result of heredity (inheritance)
or it is the result of the individual’s interactions with his or her environment.
Personality seems to be the result of heredity, environment and moderated by situation.

5. Personality Determinants Cont…
1) Heredity
Heredity refers to the factors i.e. physical stature(قد و قامت فیزیکی), facial attractiveness, gender, temperament(خوی), muscle composition, etc
These are such characteristics that are completely or substantially(to great extent) influenced by our parents.

6. Personality Determinants Cont…
We can relate personality with Heredity in two areas.
Temperament (nature,  general attitude to life)
The study of twins
The difference of temperament (nature) in children is observable and it is largely going after their parents.
Researchers have studied 100 sets of twins who were separated at birth and raised separately.
Similarities were found i.e. one set of twins who were separated for 39 years. They were driving same model car, chain smokers of same brand, owned dogs with same name etc.

7. Personality Determinants Cont…
2) Environment
Among the factors that exert(bring) pressure on our personality formation are the cultures in which we are raised.
We develop norms and attitudes among our family, friends and social groups
Norms are acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by a society or community.
Attitudes are evaluative statements, favorable or unfavorable concerning people, objects & events etc

8. Personality Determinants Cont…
3) Situation
A third factor, the situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality.
An individual’s personality although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations.
The reason is that different situations have different demands. That affect a personality.
Examples
Situations carry constraints(محدودیت) which affect personality i.e. mosque, temple, interview, picnic in public park are some of the examples which carry more or A few constraints.

9. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
The most widely used personality assessment in the world that how people feel or act in a particular situation.
Personality Types
Extroverted or Introverted (E or I)
Sensing or Intuitive (S or N)
Thinking or Feeling (T or F)
Perceiving or Judging (P or J)

10. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Extroverted or Introverted
i) . Are the individuals that are outgoing, social
ii). Are quiet and shy people.
Sensing or Intuitive
i). Sensing are practical and focus on details.
ii). Rely on unconscious processes and look at the Big
Picture

11. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Thinking or Feeling
Use reason and logic to handle problems.
Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions.
Perceiving or Judging
i) Perceiving types are flexible.
ii) Judging types want control and prefer
their world to be structured and ordered

12. Personality traits

13. Personality traits Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem is directly related to expectations of success. High SEs believe that they possess the ability they need to succeed. These people take more risks.
People with Moderate SE are more susceptible (open) to external influence, dependant and seek approval from others too.
People with Low SE are those who possess less confidence and feel inferiority.

14. Personality traits Self-monitoring.
individuals high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors and can behave differently in different situations.
Low self-monitors can not change themselves like high self-monitors. they display their true priorities and attitudes in every situation.
High self-monitors receive more promotions in their life and jobs as compared with low self-monitors

15. End of Chapter