2. Entangling Alliances
Alliance: a partnership with another country; We’ve got your back!!
This was done to prevent war
Countries would not start a fight because it would lead to everyone getting involved
It did not work!

3. Entangling Alliances Triple Entente (Allied Powers):
Great Britain, Russian Empire, France
Plus: Italy ( )
U.S. (1917)
Japan (Pacific)

4. Entangling Alliances Triple Alliance (Central Powers): German
Austro-Hungarian
Ottoman (Turk) Empires
Plus: Bulgaria

5. The Spark that starts the Forest ablaze
June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated
July 5, 1914 Germany issues Austria-Hungary a “blank check”
pledging military assistance if Austria-Hungary goes to war against Russia
July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum

6. Where is the United States?
Neutrality/Isolationism
This War has nothing to do with our country
Wilson called for the country to remain neutral
Most immigrants favored the Triple Entente (Great Britain and France)
The United States traded more heavily with Great Britain and France

7. The inevitability of war
July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops
August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia
August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops

8. “Belgium is a country, not a road”
King Albert I of Belgium denied permission to Germany
August 2, 1914 Germany declared war on France
Why???
The Schlieffen Plan!
August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality
King Albert I

10. False Beliefs before the war Started
Many Europeans were excited about war
“Defend yourself against the aggressors”
Domestic differences were put aside

11. False Beliefs before the war Started
2. War would be over in a few weeks
Ignored the length and brutality of the American Civil War
(prototype to World War I)
They used the same type of strategy.
The weapons were much more advanced
Ex machine gun

12. False Beliefs before the war Started
3. Belief that Modern industrial war could not be conducted for more than a few months
“Home by Christmas”

13. False Beliefs before the war Started
4. “Fatal attraction of war”
Exhilarating release from every day life
A glorious adventure
War would rid the nations of selfishness
Spark a national re-birth based on heroism

14. The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

15. The Schlieffen Plan Invade western front 1st
After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front
Avoid fighting a 2 front war

16. The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature
Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris
Underestimated speed of the British mobilization
Quickly sent troops to France

17. The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature
Sept 6-10, 1914
Battle of Marne
Stopped the Germans but French troops were exhausted
Both sides dug trenches for shelter
STALEMATE: Neither group could gain an advantage

18. Places the War took place
Trenches
Water
Air

19. The Trenches Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland
6,250 miles
6 to 8 feet deep
Immobilized both sides for 4 years

20. The Trenches

21. Trench Terms No Man’s Land: between the trenches, heavily bombed
Over the Top: mounting a charge “over the top” of the trench into “no man’s land” to attach the enemy trench
Front Line Trenches: usually 7’ deep, 6’ wide, the Allies’ trenches were in lower ground and usually flooded, laid in a zigzag manner to help protect their men, sandbags were used to absorb bullets and barbed wire used to protect from enemy attack
Communication Trenches: linked Front Line trenches with reserve/support trenches, allowed movement of men, supplies and equipment

22. Trench Terms
5. Parapet: side of trench facing the enemy, protected by sandbags
6. Parados: rear side of the trench, protected by sandbags
7. Duck Board: wooden planking on the bottom of trenches because of mud
8. Dug Outs: protective holes dug in side of trench wall
Trench Foot: rotten
feet from life in the
trench

23. No Mans Land

24. Life in the Trenches Elaborate systems of defense barbed wire
Concrete machine gun nests
Mortar batteries
Troops lived in holes underground

25. “Death is everywhere” Mustard gas Carried by the wind
Burned out soldier’s lungs
Deadly in the trenches where it would sit at the bottom

26. Battle of Verdun 10 months 700,000 men killed
a symbol of French determination, inspired by the sacrifice of the defenders.

27. Battle of Marne Actually 2 Battles at Marne Marne River near Paris
1st Sept. 5-10
France and British win
2nd July-Sept.
This was the last major German offensive
This was the turning point for World War I
US, France and Britain win
Marne River near Paris

28. Fighting on the Oceans British Germany Grand fleet High Seas Fleet
Blockade Germany
Mines and U-boats
Destroy German Fleet in a big battle
Destroy British fleet in small battles

29. Fighting on the Oceans Major Naval Activity
German Unrestricted U-boat warfare
Sussex Pledge
Promised germany would end unrestricted U-boat activity
Germany eventually breaks pledge, it was their only hope for victory

30. Fighting on the Oceans Major Naval Activity Pushed the US into the war
3. Sinking of the Lusitania (Large number of US citizens on board)
Pushed the US into the war
Battle of Jutland
Largest naval battle of World War 1
54 Battleships; 9000 men killed
Fought in the North Sea off Denmark
Both Sides claimed victory
British had the heavier losses

31. Fighting in the Sky Combat Conditions Biplanes were used by both sides
At first neither side used planes for combat
Roland Garros, a French pilot, was the first to turn his ship into a weapon by bolting steel deflectors to his propeller
Britain and France had more planes
Fighting in the Sky

32. Fighting in the Sky Combat Conditions Germany’s were superior
Tony Fokker, a Dutch airplane builder and entrepreneur working for the Germans, installed interrupter gear, permitting a machine gun to fire through the prop with much more reliability
Fighting in the Sky

33. Fight in the Sky
The most Celebrated pilot of World War 1 was the “Red Baron”, Eddie Von Richthofen
He was called the “Red Baron” because of is red plane
He shot down 80 planes
Ace: a person that shoots down 5 airplanes

34. The changes of war New weapons crippled the “frozen front”
Poison gas (mustard gas)
Hand grenades
Flame throwers
Tanks
Airplanes
Subs

35. The changes of war Airplanes Dog fights in the air Bombing inaccurate
Romanticized the battlefields
Paris and London bombed
Pilots fired pistols and threw hand grenades

36. The Eastern Front
Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914
Defeated
The Austrians kicked out of Serbia
Italians attacked Austria in 1915
G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory

37. The Eastern Front Much more mobile more than the West
But loss of life still very high
1915: 2.5 million Russians killed, captured, or wounded

38. The Eastern Front
Germany and Austria Hungary joined by Bulgaria in Sept. 1915
Attacked and eliminated Serbia from war

39. Russia and the War Russia is having a civil war Lenin takes power
1917 – Russia surrenders (a separate peace)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Made peace with the Germans

40. United States and the War
Steps toward US involvement in the war
U-boats/Lusitania
Financial investment
Zimmerman Note
Germany sends note to Mexico asking for assistance in fighting the US
Espionage and Seditions Acts
Created fear in the people of the United States at home

41. United States and the War
US declares war on Germany on April 6, 1917; Declares war on Austria-Hungary in December of 1917
A significant number of US troops did not arrive in Europe until June of 1918.
The British and the French wanted our troops to mix with their troops in the trenches
President Wilson asking Congress to declare war

42. United States and the War
The American forces were called the A.E.F.
American Expeditionary Force
Nicknamed doughboys, because they looked like dumplings
They were Led by General John J. Pershing, Black Jack Pershing
He insisted that the US troops fight together under US command
He used frontal assaults on the German positions
This led to a high casualty rate for US troops
“Black Jack” Pershing

43. World Leaders that Negotiated Peace
United states: Woodrow Wilson
Wanted peace that did not punish
Had come late to the war

44. World Leaders that Negotiated Peace
Britain: David Lloyd George
He wanted Germany to pay for the war
His country had lost a lot of men and money

45. World Leaders that Negotiated Peace
Russia: Tsar Nicholas II
He is overthrown and killed
Russia has no representation at the Peace talks

46. World Leaders that Negotiated Peace
Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II
His country was defeated
He was not the peace talks
He and Germany were forced to accept the terms

47. World Leaders that Negotiated Peace
Austria-Hungary: Habsburg Monarchy
The monarchy was overthrown
The country was split into Austria and Hungary
They signed separate peace agreements

48. World Leaders that Negotiated Peace
France: Georges Clemenceau
Country suffered the largest loss of life and property
He wanted Germany to pay

49. The war ends The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919
Territory
Germany forced to give up its empire
Military
Army restricted to 100,000 no tanks or heavy artillery
Navy restricted to 15,000 men and no submarines, six battleships, six cruisers and 12 destroyers.
Germany was not permitted an air force (Luftwaffe).
The war ends

50. The war ends The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919
Reparations
held Germany solely responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war
132 billion mark
terms which would have required Germany to pay until 1987
The war ends

52. Post-war Activity Wilson’s 14 Points
This was Wilson’s plan to prevent future wars
It created the League of Nations
A congress of nations designed to settle international disputes
US Congress refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles
This eliminated the US from participating in the League of Nations
Congress was afraid that the League would pull the US into wars
The League of Nations died

53. Social Impact Men lost limbs and were mutilated
Birthrate fell markedly
Invalids unable to work
Ethnic hostility
Influenza epidemic
Germany is humiliated before the world
Germany’s economy is crippled

54. Effects of World War I Millions of Deaths Widespread destruction
Treaty of Versailles
Germany crippled and angry at the world
Austro-Hungarian empire broken up
Creation of several new nations
League of Nations created