1. REFERENCING & CITATION
Harvard Style
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

2. What is Referencing & Citation
During the course of writing an essay, report, or other written assignments, one must support arguments or ideas by referring to or citing information produced by other authors.
These references may be from work presented in
journals or
newspaper articles
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

3. cont
government reports,
books or specific chapters of books,
research dissertations or theses
material from the Internet/online sources etc.
When you cite someone’s work in the text of your own work eg. Essay or report, you also need to create a full reference for it at the end of your work.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

4. Why Citations & Referencing?
Reasons for referencing are:
To provide evidence of the research and background reading that has been done and to support content and conclusions in your work/text.
To acknowledge the concepts and ideas of other authors.
To enable those who read your work to locate the cited references easily.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

5. cont
Each citation requires a reference at the end of the work; this gives the full details of the source item and should enable it to be traced.
Remember to note bibliographic details of all the documents you read.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

6. Academic Honesty & Plagiarism
Failure to reference appropriately results in plagiarism or academic dishonesty.
Plagiarism is the act of using somebody else’s work or ideas as your own.
This constitutes as academic theft and is a serious matter which results in penalties or a fail for an assignment.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

7. Examples of plagiarism are:
Paraphrasing of another person’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation without a reference.
Quotation of phrases from another person’s work without acknowledging the source.
Plagiarised work may belong to another student or be from a published source such as a book, report, journal or material available on the internet.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

8. Harvard Style of Referencing & Citation
All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

9. In-text Referencing
When you have used someone else’s ideas in the text of your written work, you must cite the source.
In the Harvard System, any in-text reference should include the authorship/author’s surname and year of publication. For eg. Mati (2014) or (Mati, 2014)
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

10. DIRECT AND INDIRECT IN-TEXT REFERENCING/CITATION
When making reference to an author’s work in your written work, write the author’s name followed by the year of publication of their work and page number.
Example
Mati (2015, p 5) in a recent research stated that in establishing language hubs at all FNU campuses, the university is trying to help improve students’ language skills.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

11. Cont.
INDIRECT
If you reference a work without mentioning the author’s name then the author’s surname, publication year and page number are placed in brackets in the relevant place in the sentence/paragraph.
Example
The establishment of language hubs at all campuses across FNU is a bid by the university to help improve students’ language skills (Mati, 2015, p 5)…
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

12. Examples of In-text Referencing
According to Aziz (2013, p. 14) …
There is a view/theory/argument that… (Namarta, 2009, p. 146)…
One view, expressed by Singh (2012, p. 427) is that…
It has been suggested/stated/argued/proposed by Vuatalevu (1993 p. 45) …
A similar view is supported by Narayan (2012, p. 21)…
Mati (2003) accepts/supports/agrees with/concurs with this view…
This is in contrast to/ is not accepted by/has been challenged by Bhindi (2015)…
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

13. No Date
If there is no date or year of publication, the abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:
Eg.
Aziz (n.d.) has written and demonstrated that ……
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

14. “Direct quotation” in the text
When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.
Example
The Vice Chancellor of FNU, Professor Nigel Healey (2016), in his weekly newsletter stated that “The safety and welfare of our staff and students is the University's primary concern…” (p1).
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

15. Short quotations
Short quotations of up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:-
Example
Mati (2015) states that “The availability of a Language hub at FNU is…” (p.10).
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

16. Long quotations
Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

17. Example
The Fiji National University Acadmic and Student Regulation (2013) in discussing special examinations states that:
“…if a student is permitted to sit for a special examination,
the Examination Board shall decide on the dates of the
examination. When a candidate sits for a special examination
under these provisions, he/she cannot be subsequently
considered for an aegrotat or compassionate pass for
that unit in that term. Where a candidate sits for a special
examination under these provisions, the candidate shall
pay an appropriate examination fee per examination
before the examination can be arranged.” (p. 44).
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

18. COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST OR A BIBLIOGRAPHY
All Items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the
format, ie. whether books, websites or journal articles etc.
The terms reference list and bibliography are sometimes used interchangeably but are not the same thing.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

19. Reference vs. Bibliography
Reference List
Is a list of all the sources that the student/researcher has actually cited in the assignment/written work.
Bibliography
Is a list of sources that a student/researcher has used to help them prepare for the assignment but which are not cited in the assignment, eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

20. When compiling a reference list
Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.
The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined. The examples given are in italics.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

21. cont
References generally should include the following elements and punctuation and be in the following order.
Author, Initials of first name., Year. Title of text. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

22. Example A book by a single author:
Bhindi, H Communication Skills for students in Northern Fiji: a study on FNU Labasa campus. 6th ed. Chester: Pearson.
A book by two, three or four authors:
Mati, M. Singh, J. Singh, K. & Aziz, S An analysis of Communication skills and techniques used by students at the Fiji National University. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

23. Books with more than four authors
For books where there are more than four authors, use the first author only with surname and initials followed by et al.
Example
Bharos , S. et al., Essential Communication Skills for Hotel and Catering Students in Fiji. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

24. Edited books
For books which are edited give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds.
Example
Narayan, R. ed., Natural communication skills for students in Western Fiji. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

25. Journal Articles
For journal articles the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers.
Example
Aziz, S Common communication practices at the Fiji National University Samabula Campus. The Communication Experts, 13(1), 43-5.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

26. Newspaper Articles
For newspaper articles the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page number and column line.
Example
Namarta, N., Why effective communication skills can help our aviation students become better engineers. The Nadi Daily, 3 Sep. p. 4b.
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

27. Websites
For websites found on the world wide web the required elements for a reference are:
Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: include web address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
[Accessed date].
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

28. Example
Anglia Ruskin University, University Library Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing. [pdf] (Updated January 2015) Available at:
rvard_referencing_2015.pdf [Accessed 20 July 2015].
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

29. CONCLUSION
Referencing is an essential part of written assignments in any university around the world and not referencing equates to academic theft or plagiarism!
All students must reference their written work/assignments and the Harvard style can be used for this purpose.
Ensure that your written work has in-text references/citations and a Reference list/bibliography.
Thank you and have a great day .
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018

30. Reference
Anglia Ruskin University, University Library Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing. [pdf] (Updated January 2015) Available at:
_referencing_2015.pdf [Accessed 20 July 2015].
Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU
2 May 2018