1. WASH services, society and state in fragile contexts
13:00-14:15
Double dividends?
WASH services, society and state in fragile contexts

2. Why WASH in fragile contexts?
Source: wssinfo.org
Supporting fragile states through WASH

3. Services for their own sake?
Source: WASH Liberia
Supporting fragile states through WASH

4. … or also to support states and societies
Source: WASH Liberia
Supporting fragile states through WASH

5. Politics matters There is nothing new in this idea
But we need to understand more about
How it matters: more specifically, how particular types of governance and political factors affect service delivery processes and outcomes (at sector and national level)
What to do about it: The key principles and models for more effectively addressing these factors
Supporting fragile states through WASH

6. Politics matters, especially where politics are tricky
Supporting fragile states through WASH

7. How might WASH support peace & state-building?
Source: : AFP/ Ramzi Haidir; WASH Liberia,; Barbara van Koppen; ; Barbara van Koppen; GVI; UNAMID
Supporting fragile states through WASH

8. So far, so intuitive – but what is the evidence?
ODI research with Tearfund on their WASH programmes in DRC and South Sudan
Visibility: INGOs predominantly seen as service providers in all project sites
Collective action: Scope for collaboration, especially around sanitation provision (CCMP, Central Equatoria)
Inclusion: Who is seen to benefit from WASH services can pose conflict risks (North Kivu, Aweil)
Accountability: Understanding the nature of accountability relationships between different groups is key (incl chiefs, churches)
Supporting fragile states through WASH

9. A plausible framework? Citizen expectations and relations
Collective
action
Visibility
Opportunity
Inclusion
Account-
ability
State capacity and legitimacy
Citizen expectations and relations
Conditioning factors
Entry points (mediating factors that
can be considered at programming level)
Supporting fragile states through WASH

10. References: Supporting fragile states through WASH
Yardley (2013) Double dividends: Exploring how water, sanitation and hygiene programmes can contribute to peace- and state-building. Teddington, UK: Tearfund.
Pickwick (2013) Double dividends? Exploring how Tearfund’s water, sanitation and hygiene programmes in South Sudan can contribute to peace- and state-building. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, Issue 57 May
Wild and Mason (2012) Examining the role of WASH services within peace- and state- building processes: findings from Tearfund programmes in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of South Sudan. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Kooy and Wild (2012) WASH service delivery in South Sudan: Contributions to Peace building and State building. ODI research report, London: Overseas Development Institute. 
Kooy and Bailey (2012) WASH service delivery in DRC: Contributions to peace building and state building. ODI research report, London: Overseas Development Institute. 
Mason (2012) Relationships between water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) service delivery and peace-building and state-building: a review of the literature. ODI working paper 362, London: Overseas Development Institute.
Supporting fragile states through WASH

11. Questions:
1.        How could things be done differently - tomorrow - in WASH interventions in fragile states?
2.        What are the obstacles or challenges related to WASH and peace/state building?
3.        What are the skills and capacities required within the WASH sector (donors, NGOs, governments) to enable positive impacts on peace and state building? 
4.        How could WASH interventions make a smoother transition between humanitarian and development activities?
Supporting fragile states through WASH

12. Thank you for your participation