1. Marine Science 1

2. Marine Science A MRS. VITA
Exploring the Oceans
Marine Science A
MRS. VITA

3. Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is Ocean
Ninety-eight percent of the water on the planet is in the oceans,
and therefore is unusable for drinking because of the salt 3

4. Exploring the Oceans

5. Exploring the Ocean
In ancient times, the desire to trade goods led people to explore the oceans
The Romans, Greeks and Vikings built great ships and discovered new lands

6. Exploring the Oceans

7. Exploring the Oceans
In more recent times, explorers like Columbus, Vespucci and Magellan helped discover and map the Americas.

8. Exploring the Oceans On these voyages, death tolls were high
Due to poor diet, many died from scurvy – a vitamin C deficiency

9. Exploring the Oceans
Little was known about the ocean, and it was feared.
thought to be flat
thought to be filled
with monsters

10. “Sea Monsters”

11. Scientific Exploration
By the 1700s, with new land all discovered, explorers set out to gather knowledge
Darwin made many discoveries aboard the H.M.S. Beagle
In the Galapagos Islands, he discovered many new species
Ex. Marine Iguana

12. Scientific Exploration
His discoveries helped form the theory of evolution

13. Darwin’s Discoveries

14. Scientific Exploration
In the late 1800s, the HMS Challenger crisscrossed the ocean collecting:
Water samples
Sediment (soil) samples
Plant + Animal specimens
Ocean depth measurements

15. Underwater Exploration
The Diving Suit – watertight canvas suit, metal helmet, air delivered by tube
Heavy – kept diver on bottom
Poor mobility
Used ~1900

16. Underwater Exploration - The Diving Suit

17. Underwater Exploration
By the 20th century, the modern scuba tank had been invented
Safer and better mobility
S.C.U.B.A. – stands for
Self Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus

18. Underwater Exploration
The Jim Suit – can sustain the crushing pressures of the deep ocean

19. Underwater Exploration
Submersibles – small research submarines
Allowed for discovery of hydrothermal vents Ex. The “Alvin”

20. Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal vents - cracks in ocean floor that emit jets of hot, mineral rich water

21. Hydrothermal Vents
Submersibles can’t get too close because water temp. can reach as high as 371° C
Ship and its instruments can become damaged

22. Hydrothermal Vents
Scientists were shocked to discover life in such an extreme environment
What abiotic factors do vent organisms face?
Abiotic= Non Living
Biotic = Living
No light
Extreme temperatures
Extreme pressures

23. Hydrothermal Vents
No light to fuel photosynthesis.
Where does source of energy come from?
Chemicals within vent fluid – especially sulfur compounds

24. Hydrothermal Vents
Life at hydrothermal vents:
Ex. Clams 24

25. Hydrothermal Vents
Ex. Blind Shrimp 25

26. Hydrothermal Vents
Ex. Albino crabs and fish 26

27. Hydrothermal Vents
Ex. Tube worms 27

29. Underwater Exploration
The “Alvin” was used during the discovery of the Titanic

30. Shipwrecks The history of ocean exploration can be seen in shipwrecks
Wrecks from ancient times to modern times are studied

31. Shipwrecks

32. Shipwrecks
Long island is home to many famous shipwrecks in what is called “wreck valley”

33. Shipwrecks Shipwrecks often are used by marine life
“artificial reefs” - any man-made object placed in the sea as habitat for marine life.

34. Artificial Reefs