1. KA 3: The transmission and control of infectious diseases
(a) Transmission and Control
(b) Epidemiological Studies

2. By the end of this section you will be able to …..
KA 3a: The transmission and control of infectious diseases
By the end of this section you will be able to …..
Name 5 types of pathogen
Name a disease caused by each type of pathogen
Name 6 methods infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person
Name 5 methods that can be used to control the transmission of infectious diseases
Describe both the individual and community responsibility of controlling transmission of infectious diseases
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens, transmitted by direct physical contact, water, food, body fluids, inhaled air or vector organisms and controlled by quarantine, antisepsis, individual responsibility (good hygiene, care in sexual health and appropriate storage/handling of food), community responsibility (quality water supply, safe food webs and appropriate waste disposal systems) and vector control.
Due to its role in maintaining health and combating infectious diseases on a global level, the immune system is at the centre of much of the research in public health.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and multicellular parasites
(b) Epidemiological studies of infectious diseases.
Description of spread to include sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases occurring in an area), epidemic (unusually high number of cases in an area) or pandemic (a global epidemic). Control measures to include preventing transmission, drug therapy, immunisation or a combination of these.
Epidemiologists study the outbreak and pattern of infectious diseases to determine the factors which affect the spread of infectious disease. Based on epidemiological studies control measures can be considered.

4. What is an infectious disease?
An infectious disease is one that is capable of being transmitted (spread) from one person to another.

5. Causes of Infectious Diseases
Pathogens!
Infectious diseases are caused by many types of pathogen.
Examples of pathogens include:
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Multicellular Parasites

6. House 
Season 3 Episode 14
36mins – 39mins
Netflix it

7. Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen
Description
Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen
BACTERIA
Single celled organisms without a nucleus
tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid, cholera, tetanus, dysentery and pneumonia
VIRUSES
Non-living particles that can only reproduce within a living cell
Common cold, herpes, measles, AIDS, chicken pox, small pox
FUNGI
Simple organisms including mushrooms and yeasts that grow as single cells or thread like filaments
Ringworm, athletes foot, candidiasis, histoplasmosis
PROTOZOA
Single celled organisms with a nucleus
Malaria, giardiasis, chagas disease, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis
MULTI-
CELLULAR
PARASITES
Living organism, that can live inside intestinal tract or blood stream
Round worm infections, tape worm infections

8. Think / pair / share What is meant by transmission?
Choose one disease from each row in your table and describe how it could have been transmitted

9. Smallpox

10. Typhoid True Story Behind Typhoid Mary | Dark Matters 5:42
Video is bad acting but gets the story across 
True Story Behind Typhoid Mary | Dark Matters 5:42

11. Malaria

12. Rabies

13. Transmission of infectious diseases
The spread of microbes and infection is also known as…
TRANSMISSION!
Transmission by inhaled air
Coughing
Sneezing
Breathing
Transmission by food
Eating undercooked food
Transmission by water
Drinking dirty or contaminated water

14. Transmission of infectious diseases
Transmission by vector organisms
A bite from an infected animal
Transmission by direct physical contact
Touch
Transmission by body fluids
Sexual contact
Blood transfusion

15. Transmission of Infectious Diseases
The spread of pathogens and infection is also known as TRANSMISSION!
Transmission can occur by:
Inhaled air
Food
Water
Vector organisms (carry and transmit a pathogen into another organism)
Direct physical contact
Body fluids

16. How can we control the transmission of infectious diseases?
Direct physical contact
Water
Food
Body fluids
Inhaled air
Vector organisms
Appropriate storage and handling of food
Quarantine
Good hygiene
Care in sexual health
Appropriate waste disposal systems
Quality water supply
Safe food webs
Control of vectors
Antisepsis

17. Which 3 control methods would be an individual's responsibility?
Which 3 control methods would be a communities responsibility?
Appropriate storage and handling of food
Appropriate storage and handling of food
Quarantine
Good hygiene
Good hygiene
Care in sexual health
Care in sexual health
Appropriate waste disposal systems
Appropriate waste disposal systems
Quality water supply
Quality water supply
Safe food webs
Safe food webs
Control of vectors
Antisepsis

18. Control of Infectious Diseases
Quarantine
Antisepsis
The use of antiseptics to eliminate pathogens
Individual responsibility
good hygiene
care in sexual health
appropriate storage/handling of food
Community responsibility
quality water supply
safe food webs
appropriate waste disposal systems
The control of vectors

19. Can you now …. Name 5 types of pathogen
Name a disease caused by each type of pathogen
Name 6 methods infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person
Name 5 methods the transmission of infectious diseases can be controlled
Describe both the individual and community responsibility of controlling transmission of infectious diseases

21. By the end of this section you will be able to …..
KA 3b: Epidemiological studies of infectious diseases
By the end of this section you will be able to …..
Describe the role of epidemiologists
Describe 3 possible control measures that can be considered
State what is meant by sporadic, endemic, epidemic and pandemic
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens, transmitted by direct physical contact, water, food, body fluids, inhaled air or vector organisms and controlled by quarantine, antisepsis, individual responsibility (good hygiene, care in sexual health and appropriate storage/handling of food), community responsibility (quality water supply, safe food webs and appropriate waste disposal systems) and vector control.
Due to its role in maintaining health and combating infectious diseases on a global level, the immune system is at the centre of much of the research in public health.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and multicellular parasites
(b) Epidemiological studies of infectious diseases.
Description of spread to include sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases occurring in an area), epidemic (unusually high number of cases in an area) or pandemic (a global epidemic). Control measures to include preventing transmission, drug therapy, immunisation or a combination of these.
Epidemiologists study the outbreak and pattern of infectious diseases to determine the factors which affect the spread of infectious disease. Based on epidemiological studies control measures can be considered.

22. What is Epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of health, illness and associated factors at the population level.
Epidemiologists study the outbreak and pattern of infectious diseases to determine the factors that affect the spread of infectious disease.

23. Control measures
Based on the results of their studies, epidemiologists can identify and consider a number of possible control measures to prevent further spread of infectious disease.
Their recommendations may include:
Preventing transmission (from person to person and region to region)
Drug therapy (for those already infected)
Immunisation (for people not yet infected)
Or a combination of the above.
Based on epidemiological studies control measures can be considered

24. Newspaper headlines
Experts may be poised to declare swine flu epidemic.
Search for vaccine speeds up as swine flu is declared pandemic.
World Health Organization may declare an end to endemic as swine flu fizzles.

25. Confused? Epidemic? Endemic? Pandemic? Sporadic?
Watch the BBC news report to view the look-back on the 2009 health scare on Swine Flu
Which key words are used to describe the health scare?

27. The spread of infectious disease are classified as…
Epidemic
Endemic
Pandemic
Sporadic
Occasional occurrence
Regular cases occurring in area
Unusually high number of cases in area
A global epidemic
Match them up!

28. Classification of spread patterns of disease
Spread pattern of disease
Description
Sporadic
Occasional occurrence
Endemic
Regular cases occurring in area
Epidemic
Unusually high number of cases in area
Pandemic
A global epidemic

29. Ebola was first identified in 1976 and occurs in regions of sub-Saharan Africa.
There are normally fewer than 500 cases reported each year
No cases were reported at all between 1979 and 1994.
Between 1994 – 2014: see graph

30. Ebola Stats Most recent deaths: January 2016 (1 – Sierra Leone
Dec year old dies of unidentified haemorrhagic fever, followed by mother, sister and grandmother (Guinea)
March 2014 – first confirmed case (Guinea) 59 dead
March 2014 – March 2016: 28,639 cases and 11,316 dead
Most recent deaths: January 2016
(1 – Sierra Leone
& 3 – Liberia)
Confirmed in:
Liberia – End of March
Sierra Leone – May

31. Ebola outbreak – how would you describe it?

32. Ebola outbreak – how would you describe it?

33. Ebola outbreak – how would you describe it?
Death rate 47%
Liberia was reporting between 300 and 400 new cases every week.

34. Ebola outbreak – how would you describe it?
Death rate 70%

35. Ebola outbreak – how would you describe it?

36. Ebola outbreak – how would you describe it?

37. Ebola outbreak – how would you describe it?

38. Summary video (Aug 2014 stats)

40. Tasks – 15 minutes
Complete the PS activity about Swine Flu in Scotland

41. Answers
1. (bar graph) 2. Which region had the highest number of cases? Edinburgh and the Lothians 3. Which region had the lowest number of cases? Outer and Inner Hebrides 4. What percentages of cases were found in: Angus and Dundee? 9% Fife? 11.5% The Scottish Borders? 4.2% 5. During the next week the number of reported cases in Perthshire decreased by 20%. How many cases were reported? Why do you think areas such as Glasgow and Clyde Valley had a higher number of cases than the Highlands? Higher population living in smaller area – much easier for disease to spread. 7. The actual number of swine flu cases is thought to be much higher than what was reported. Suggest a reason for this. Many people didn’t go to the doctor or report their illness.

42. Can you now …. Describe the role of epidemiologists
Describe 3 possible control measures that can be considered
State what is meant by sporadic, endemic, epidemic and pandemic

43. Quick Questions
1. For each statement below, classify them using the correct term:
An average of 34 deaths in the space of 5 years
Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a city
Unexpected number of people diagnosed with an infectious disease in a local town
Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a country
2. Give the definition of the missing term that has not been used!
sporadic
endemic
epidemic
endemic
Pandemic-worldwide epidemic

44. Extended Answer Question
Describe the causes and transmission of infectious diseases and the methods that can be used to control these diseases (8 marks)

45. 1. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. 2
1. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. 2. Pathogens can be bacteria and viruses. 3. Two other examples of pathogens e.g. fungi, protozoa, (multicellular) parasites. 4. A specific example of a disease and its causative organism. 5. Transmission of the disease can be by physical contact, food, water, body fluids, 6. air or vector organisms. (1 mark for 3 or 4, 2 marks for 5) 7. A specific example of a disease and its means of transmission. 8. Control of transmission can be by quarantine / antisepsis / control of vectors . 9. Individual responsibility for control of transmission through good hygiene / safe food handling / care in sexual health. 10. Community responsibility for control of transmission through having a quality water supply / safe food webs / appropriate waste disposal. 11. Epidemiology looks at factors which affect the spread of diseases. 12. Diseases can be controlled by drugs / immunisation. 8 marks

46. Key Area 3: Past Papers Paper (new higher human biology) Section
Don’t forget you can do the Key Area 1+2 Questions again! Yey 
Key Area 3: Past Papers
Paper (new higher human biology)
Section
Question
2015 2 12
Specimen 1 20
11a, 12, 13b
Exemplar
18,20
Yellow Booklet
Paper (revised higher human biology)
Section
Question
2014 1
26, 27
2013
28, 30
2012 C
1A (essay)
Red Booklet