1. How to write a paper in APA-style?
Wendy Tollenaar

2. Preview APA guidelines Structure article and components
Paragraph writing
Writing style
Referencing
Layout
[APA09] APA Publications and Communications Board. APPENDIX - journal article reporting standards (JARS), Meta-Analysis reporting standards (MARS), and flow of participants through each stage of an experiment or Quasi-Experiment. In Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, pages American Psychological Association, Jul

3. APA guidelines
The most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences
Regulates:
Stylistics
In-text citations
References

4. Structure article– APA style
Title
Abstract
Introduction (includes theoretical framework)
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Appendices (if necessary)
Tables and figures (if necessary)

5. 1. Title Academic style Avoid trendy and cutesy titles
Cyber-crime science

6. 1. Title
James Bond meets Wiki Leaks!

7. 2. Abstract 100-150 word summary of the research’s main features:
purpose, objectives, research questions / hypotheses,
samples, methodology, and results / findings
Mistakes to avoid
Do not go beyond what you establish in your paper, no non-significant results, no speculation, no telegraphic style, stay within the word count limit.

9. 3. Introduction Three elements in the introductory section
The research problems
The framework for the study
The research questions and hypotheses
The importance of originality
Make clear what is the original contribution. Science journals exist primarily to publish original knowledge.
It should be evident in the Title (if possible), and the Abstract.
It should also be described in the Introduction and in the Discussion (and/or Conclusion).

10. 3. Introduction Sets the stage for the study upon which the article is
based.
Answers the question on …
why the topic is important
what other studies related to the present study have been conducted
how existing works logically connect to the research questions / hypotheses
how questions will be researched, and what predictions can be made.
The importance of originality
Make clear what is the original contribution. Science journals exist primarily to publish original knowledge.
It should be evident in the Title (if possible), and the Abstract.
It should also be described in the Introduction and in the Discussion (and/or Conclusion).

11. 4. Method
Describes how the research questions /hypotheses will be described (watch reproducibility)
Sections:
Subjects / participants
Instruments / measures / variables
Materials
Design
Procedures

12. 5. Results Structure according to hypotheses
Present findings, and only the findings
Think of graphically presenting results: tables and figures
Mistakes to avoid
This section lends itself to over-writing and underwriting
To give undo weight to non-significant results

13. 6. Discussion - conclusion
Discusses the contribution of the study’s findings to
existing literature, theory, and professional practices.
An analysis of the study’s results in relation to the study’s
research questions and hypotheses.
Includes a statement of the study’s limitations, along with
specific recommendations for future research.

14. 7. References
Listing of materials that were used and cited in the body of the scientific article.
Use reference managers, like Endnote

15. Summary
[APA1] APA Publications and Communications Board. APPENDIX - journal article reporting standards (JARS), Meta-Analysis reporting standards (MARS), and flow of participants through each stage of an experiment or Quasi-Experiment. In Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, pages American Psychological Association, Jul

16. Paragraph writing Claim: ’topic sentence’
Evidence: support or back up of your claims
Discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information
Analysis/concluding sentence
Explains why the evidence supports your claim and summarizes connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea

17. Language Objective formal writing style Watch:
Clarity and conciseness: be specific in descriptions and explanations and omit unnecessary words, phrases, etc.
Tone: formal, meta-discourse, hedging
Tense: present tense, past tense, past perfect tense

18. Language
In general, foreground the research and not the researchers ("The results indicate ... "). Avoid using the editorial "we"
Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice For example, use "We predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ...“(only in introduction and conclusion)
Literature: Place content first
Write “self-control is related to crime (Gottfredson & Hischi 1990)” or “Gottfredson and Hischi (1990) state that self-control is related to crime” unless you want to emphasize authorship

19. Referencing (why?) to an argument you support
When describing or discussing a theory, a model or practice associated with a particular writer
To give weight or credibility to an argument you support
To inform readers of the sources of direct quotations or definitions
When paraphrasing another person’s work, which is outside the realm of common knowledge

20. In-text referencing (how?)
[APA2] Example of APA-references

21. In-text referencing (how?)

22. References (how?)
Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.
Double-space reference entries
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines
Order entries alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work

23. General layout APA standard: Double-spaced, Have 1” margins,
Use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman)
be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x 11”)
Note: If you are writing a manuscript draft, APA suggests using two spaces between sentences to aid readability
[APA3]

24. Layout tables

25. Layout figures

26. Questions? Continue writing…!

27. Good luck !!!