1. Direct and reported speech

2. Direct speech Reporting someone’s exact words (in quotation marks)
(navođenje nečijih riječi točno kako su izgovorene u navodnicima)
She says: ‘I’m a student.’ ↓
She said: ‘I’m a student.’
REPORTING VERB

3. Reported speech
Reporting the meaning of someone’s words, without repeating their exact words (no quotation marks)
(prenošenje značenja bez ponavljanja točno izgovorenih riječi i bez navodnika)
She says she is a student.
She said she was a student.

4. Changes in reported speech
Person: I → he /she , my → his / her
Pronouns: this → that
Place: here →there
Time: now → then, at the time
today → that day, on Monday, etc.
yesterday → the day before, the previous day
tomorrow → the next / following day, on Saturday etc.
this week → that week
last week → the week before, the previous week
an hour ago → an hour before / earlier

5. Changes in reported speech
Verbs:
if the reporting verb is in the past (said) verbs move one tense back (backshift), following the sequence of tenses
(kada je reporting verb u prošlom vremenu, glagolsko vrijeme se pomiče unatrag prema pravilima o slijedu glagolskih vremena)
He said: ‘I have watched this film.’
He said he had watched that film BACKSHIFT

6. Changes in reported speech
Verbs (tenses) don’t change:
- if the reporting verb is in the present (says)
- when we talk about something that is still true
She says: ‘I work as a secretary.’
She says she works as a secretary NO BACKSHIFT

7. Sequence of tenses Present Simple – Past Simple
Present Continuous – Past Continuous
Present Perfect Simple – Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple – Past Perfect Simple
Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous
will – would
can – could
may – might

8. Reporting statements (izjavne rečenice)
She says: ‘I want to be a teacher.’ PRES.S.
She says she wants to be a teacher PRES.S.
CHANGES: I - she, want - wants
He said: ‘I wrote my homework last night.’ PAST S.
He said he had written his homework the night before.
PAST.PERF.
CHANGES: I – he, wrote– had written, my –his, last night – the night before

9. Reporting statements
Complete the sentences: You said: ‘I will call you next week.’ WILL You said you would call me the following week. WOULD CHANGES: I – you, will – would, you –me, next week – the following week They said: ‘We were watching this film yesterday.’ PAST C. They said they had been watching that film the previous day. PAST.PERF.C. CHANGES: We – they, were watching – had been watching, this – that, yesterday – the previous day

10. Reporting verbs Other reporting verbs can also be used:
tell – always used with an indirect object instead of say
She told me NOT She said to me....
Many verbs are more descriptive than say and tell:
explain, promise, invite, insist, admit, complain, offer, warn,
refuse...
- used when we report the idea, rather than the actual words:
He said: ‘I’ll lend you some money.’
He offered to lend me some money.

11. Reporting offers, orders, requests, suggestions...
Claire said: ‘Shall we go to a nightclub?’
Claire suggested going to a club SUGGESTION
We said: ‘We’ll pay for the damage.’
We offered to pay for the damage OFFER
The inspector said: ‘Can I see your ticket please?’
The inspector asked to see my ticket REQUEST
She said to me: ‘Clean your room!’
She ordered me to clean my room ORDER

12. Verb patterns
verb + sb + infinitive (invite, ask, encourage, remind, tell)
I asked him to wash the car.
They encouraged her to stay longer.
verb + infinitive (promise, offer)
He offered to move the boxes.
verb + that + clause (explain, complain, admit, agree)
They complained that I was late.
He agreed that he needed to cut costs.

13. Verb patterns
Complete the sentences: ‘I made a mistake.’ She admitted... PAST S. She admitted that she had made a mistake. PAST PERF. ‘Take your camera.’ They reminded... They reminded her/ him to take her camera. ‘We’ll work hard.’ They promised... They promised to work hard.

14. Reporting questions
When we report questions there is NO INVERSION and NO do/does/did.
We use ask, wonder, want to know...as reporting verbs
He said: ‘When did you arrive?’ PAST S.
He asked me when I had arrived PAST PERF.
NOT when did I arrive
or when had I arrived
She said: ‘Where’s Tom?’ PRES.S.
She wants to know where Tom is PRES.S.
(still true – no backshift)

15. Reporting questions
If there is no question word (Where, When, Who...) we use if or whether.
He said: ‘Can I borrow a pen?’
He asked if/whether he could borrow a pen.
Complete the sentences:
‘Why did he phone?’ She asked PAST S.
She asked why he had phoned PAST.PERF.
‘Are you lost?’ They asked PRES.S.
They asked if/whether we were lost PAST S.
‘When does the game start?’ They wondered... PRES.S.
They wondered when the game started PAST S.