1. Cell Energy Molecules
Chapter 5

2. What you need to know!
How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP
How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2
How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions

3. Energy Transfer Molecules
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Molecule that delivers immediately available energy to run cellular processes (active transport, movement, mitosis, production of proteins etc.)
All other food/energy molecules (various lipids, carbs, proteins) are converted into ATP through enzyme machinery in cells/liver
All energy consuming processes have an ATPase (enzyme) attached

4. Energy Transfer Molecules
ATP is a nucleic acid, a single nucleotide

5. Energy Transfer Molecules
ATP has energy stored between its three negatively charged phosphates because like charges repel each other
Most energy is stored between 2nd and 3rd phosphate
3 different forms of energy levels:
AMP: monophosphate
ADP: diphosphate
ATP: triphosphate

6. Forming ATP for Energy Supply
Rx: ADP + P + energy  ATP
Enzyme: ATP synthase
Energy necessary comes from photosynthesis or respiration

7. Breaking Down ATP for Energy Release
Rx: ATP  ADP + P + energy
Enzyme: ATPase often attached as a coenzyme to various other enzymes/proteins

8. ATP Resembles a Rechargeable Battery
Endlessly recyclable
Limited numbers of ATP/ADP can stop energy pathways
Largest amount of ATP is made in mitochondria/chloroplasts some in cytoplasm (glycolysis)
All energy molecules can be expressed in ATP (glucose: 36 ATP, sucrose: 75 ATP, triglyceride: 180 ATP; assuming O2 is present)

9. Energy Availability Molecule availability storage ATP immediately none
glucose
1-2 min
Blood glucose only
glycogen
2-3 min
Liver, muscles
triglycerides
8-10 min
Adipose tissue

10. NADP/NAD/FAD Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
NADP Functions as electron acceptor/donor during photosynthesis and respiration
NAD & FAD work the same way
A nucleic acid: dinucleotide
Rx: Store Energy
NADP + e- + H+  NADPH
Rx: Release Energy
NADPH  NADP + e- + H+

11. Sample Questions
Which one of the following is true about the ATP molecule?
It contains two phosphate groups.
Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups
It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose
It contains a nitrogenous base molecule called adenine
None of the choices are correct
ATP can be used as the cell’s energy currency because
Cellular functions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP.
ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell.
Cellular functions can be fueled by coupling them with the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
All of the above are true.
None of the choices are correct.

12. Putting it all together