1. Man Made Impacts to the Open Ocean
There are many kinds of impacts or threats to the open ocean. Some are natural, like storms, and some are man made, like pollution. The pictures below show some impacts of both kinds.

2. Bill Nye—ocean currents

3. Ocean Current Layers
Surface Currents – upper 10% of the ocean; upper 400 m
Pycnocline – the layer between surface and deep waters; where a rapid change in temperature, salinity and density occur
Deep Current – lower 90% of the ocean

4. Ocean Water Properties
How they impact ocean currents
Temperature – remember heat rises!
Salinity – remember salty water sinks!
Density – a function of temperature and salinity

5. Ocean Surface Temperatures

6. Temperature vs. Currents

7. Ocean Surface Salinities

8. Ocean Density

9. Primary Current Forces
These Start the Water MOVING:
Solar Heating
Winds
Gravity
Coriolis Force/Effect

10. Current Forces Explained
Sun/solar heating - causes water to expand and move
Winds - push the water; winds blowing for 10 hrs across ocean will cause the surface water to ~2% wind speed; wind has the greatest effect on surface currents
Gravity - pull water downhill or pile against the pressure gradient (high/low); influences tides

11. Winds

12. Wind Driven Ocean Currents

13. Graphic - http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/32.htm
Global Conveyer Belt
Thermohaline circulation links the Earth's oceans. Cold, dense, salty water from the North Atlantic sinks into the deep and drives the circulation like a giant plunger.
Graphic -

14. Other Currents
Gyres – large mounds of water; large circular currents in the ocean basin
Ex: North Atlantic Gyre = consists of 4 separate currents – N. Equatorial, Gulf Stream, N. Atlantic Drift and Canary Currents

15. Ocean Currents & Living Things
Currents are important to marine life as they help move food and nutrients making them available for photosynthesis, metabolic requirements and or consumption.

16. What is Marine Debris??? Litter on the beach
Floating garbage in the sea
Litter on the beach
Man-made rubbish that did not get put in a trash can!

17. Why should we care about Marine Debris
Marine debris is the #1 killer of all ocean life. Millions of ocean animals die every year.
90% of marine debris is plastic
Some plastics may take 450 years to biodegrade
You can make a difference!

18. How does marine debris get into the ocean???
Trash may get washed off the land by rain or rivers, washed off the beach by waves, or dumped at sea by people!

19. What does marine debris do to the open ocean environment??
Entangle
Poison
Debris like food containers and cigarettes have toxic chemicals
Get eaten
This is one of the worst ones for birds
Think about what plastic bags look like in the water
Plastic bags get eaten by turtles and animals that eat jellyfish

20. How did this albatross die?

21. Look at all the different kinds of trash
Look at all the different kinds of trash! Think where your trash might end up

22. What YOU can do to help!!! Pick up litter Support ocean conservation
Recycle
Go to beach cleanups
Eat less packaged food
Use a reusable bag when you go to the store

23. Today we will concentrate on Marine Debris and Noise Pollution
Man Made vs Natural
Storm Events
Storms can change currents and other habitats in the ocean
Disease
Diseases may make ocean animals sick
Algae Blooms
Algae can grow very fast into a bloom that is toxic
Marine Debris
Trash,old fishing gear
Noise Pollution
Motors, sonar
Chemical Pollution
Oil spills, toxic waste
Today we will concentrate on Marine Debris and Noise Pollution

24. Noise Pollution
Marine animals, particularly marine mammals and fish, use sound for reproduction, feeding, predator avoidance, and navigation (Popper 2003).
Marine life uses sound because sound travels 5 times the speed of sound in air. Vision is only useful for tens of meters underwater, yet sound can be heard for hundreds, even thousands of kilometers.
Noise pollution is any man made noise that might be louder
than the natural sounds in the ocean!!!

25. Underwater Noise Pollution

26. Volume Levels of Sounds in the Ocean
Natural Man Made
Wind and waves 85 dB
Earthquake dB
Harp seal call dB
Bottlenose dolphin 150 dB
Humpback whale moan 175 dB
Gray whale moan 185 dB
Large tanker ships 177 dB
continuous noise on shipping pathways all over the world
Icebreaker ships 183 dB
cycling noise primarily in Arctic Ocean, north of Canada, Alaska, and Russia
Low frequency sonar 235 dB
Continuous pulses of sound used to find navy ships and submarines
Seismic oil exploration 210 dB
Low pitched pulses of sound, used to find oil in ocean areas world-wide
Sounds above 90 dB can damage the human ear

27. What does too much noise pollution do???
Pilot whale stranding

30. Sea level rise
rise/welcome.html 

31. Climate Change and oceans

32. Ocean Acidification
chemistry