1. Do Now
Read the article and answer the questions

2. Respiratory System
Chapter 16

3. Objectives To understand the functions of the respiratory system.
To identify the major organs and components of the respiratory system.

4. The Respiratory System
Intro to Respiration Video

5. Respiratory Fun!
Complete the Crossword, Wordsearch, and fill-in the blank to see how much you already know about the Respiratory System!

6. Do Now
Define the following terms…
Tidal volume
Vital Capacity

7. Objectives To determine your own vital capacity and tidal volumes.
To graph the vital capacity of an athlete vs. a non-athlete.

8. Lung Capacity Lab

9. Do Now
Name as many structures involved in the respiratory system as possible!

10. Objectives To explain the functions of the respiratory system.
To identify the different organs and structures that are part of the respiratory system.

11. Functions of the Respiratory System
Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Trap particles from incoming air and help control the temperature and water content of the air
Produce vocal sounds
Participate in the sense of smell
Regulate blood pH

12. Organs of the Respiratory System
1) Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
2) Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Bronchial tree
lungs

13. Organs of the Respiratory System

14. The Nose Two nostrils- openings in which air can enter and leave
Nasal septum- divides the cavity into left and right cavities
Nasal conchae- bones that curl out, dividing the cavity into passageways

15. Mucus Membrane
Lines the nasal cavity and help increase its surface area
Contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Blood vessels warm air

16. Cilia

17. Sinuses Air-filled spaces located within the skull
Reduce the weight of the skull
Affect the quality of the voice

18. Pharynx Behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and larynx
Common passageway for food esophagus and air larynx

19. Larynx Air enters the larynx through the glottis
The epiglottis folds over the glottis, preventing entry of liquids or food
9 cartilages
Vocal cords surround glottis
Puberty changes caused by testosterone, vocal cords lengthen and enlarge- lower tones
*Laryngoscopy Video!

20. Larynx

21. Trachea- “Windpipe”
C-shaped cartilage rings (hyaline cartilage) keep passageways open
Opening of cartilage is near the back of trachea to allow food to pass through the esophagus
Smooth muscle changes the size of the trachea when it contracts

22. Bronchi/Bronchioles
Trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi and so on…
Bronchiole: when the bronchi no longer have cartilage they are called bronchioles.
Asthma Video Clip

23. Bronchioles lead to Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles open into passageways called alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacs

24. Alveoli

25. Review Mouth  Pharynx (throat)  Larnyx (voicebox) 
Trachea (windpipe) 
Bronchi  Primary, secondary and tertiary
Bronchioles 
Terminal bronchiole 
Respiratory bronchiole 
Alveoli

26. Do Now
List the pathway of air beginning with breathing through the nose!

27. Objectives
To explain the function and necessity of surfactant in the lungs.
To explain the differences in pressure during inspiration and expiration.
To define the different volumes and capacities within the lungs.

28. The Lungs Contains Lobes Within the “pleural cavity”
Right lung= 3 lobes
Left Lung= 2 lobes
Within the “pleural cavity”
Parietal pleural membrane
Visceral pleural membrane

29. Breathing Vocab Ventilation: breathing
Inspiration: inhalation, breathing in
Expiration: exhalation, breathing out

30. Inspiration
Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs while diaphragm is contracting.
Pressure is higher outside the lungs

31. Surface Tension
Alveoli attract water molecules and cause surface tension, alveoli are harder to inflate and can actually collapse
Alveolar cells synthesize “surfactant” to fight this and make it easier to inflate the alveoli.

32. Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Premature babies do not produce sufficient surfactant and cannot breathe properly.
Doctors drip synthetic surfactant into their lungs through a tube and they breath using a ventilator.

33. Expiration
The elastic recoil of the lung tissue and decreased diameter of the alveoli creates a very slightly greater pressure inside the lungs than the atmosphere, forcing the air out.

34. Non-respiratory Air Movements
Coughing: airway obstruction in lower respiratory tract causes us to inhale, close the glottis, and force air out, opening the glottis and forcing out the obstruction.
Sneezing: airway obstruction in upper respiratory tract, air forced through glottis into nasal passage. (can be propelled out at 200mph! Gross!!)
Laughing: Taking a breath and releasing it in short expirations.
Hiccuping: sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm when the glottis is closed, passing air over vocal cords causes a hiccup sound.
Yawning: low blood-oxygen concentration triggers yawn reflex that ventilates more of the alveoli.

35. Respiratory Volumes Measure by an instrument called a “spirometer”.
We already know 1 volume from our lab.
What is it?

36. Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume: volume of air entering or leaving during a single respiratory cycle.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: extra air in lungs during forced inspiration.
Expiratory Reserve Volume: air that exits during forced expiration.
Residual Volume: air left in lungs even after forced expiration.

37. Respiratory Capacities
Combining two or more volumes gives us a capacity.
1) Vital capacity= inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume.
2) Inspiratory capacity= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.
3) Function residual capacity= expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.
4) Total Lung Capacity= vital capacity + residual volume. (about 5,800 ml)

38. Respiratory Capacities

39. Review
Which non-respiratory air movement can clear an obstruction from the upper respiratory tract?
If you were to completely breath out everything you have in your lungs, what “volume” would still be left in there?
What is the name of the substance that allows inflation of the alveoli and is lacking in respiratory distress syndrome?

40. Respiratory Diseases
Read about the respiratory conditions and answer the questions.