1. From DNA to Protein (11.2)

2. What is a Protein?
Complex, 3-dimensional structures made from chains of amino acids
Regulate cell functions
Produced at the ribosomes
Ex: Blood contains red blood cells (RBC) that transport oxygen to different parts of our bodies.
RBC’s use a protein called “hemoglobin” to capture and carry the oxygen.
If the instructions (DNA) are changed or “mutated” changes in the hemoglobin protein could result. The RBCwould no longer be able to carry oxygen (Sickle Cell Anemia).

3. Sickle Cell Anemia
Each sickle cell will reproduce a new sickle cell. More common in african americans

4. How are proteins made?
Nucleic acid- stores cellular information in cells in form of a code

5. Protein Synthesis RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid)
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Single stranded (half-zipper)
The sugar in RNA is ribose (DNA has deoxyribose)
Instead of Thymine (T), RNA contains Uracil (U) in RNA
Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U)

6. 3 types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)
-Brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-binds to the mRNA and uses instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
-Supplier. Delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein. (amino acid delivery truck)
Cant bring book out of library. Make copies of pages you need. Leave library

7. Transcription (DNA mRNA)
Enzyme unzips DNA molecule
Free RNA nucleotides form with complementary base pair (GC and AU)
New mRNA strand leaves nucleus and enters the cytoplasm (finds ribosome)
mat/molgenetics/transcription.swf

8. DNA replication vs. Transcription
Double stranded DNA
Purpose?
Single stranded RNA
Purpose?
DNA replication Purpose- Double number of chromosomes for mitosis
Transcription purpose- bring message to the ribosome to make protein

9. Genetic Code 3 nitrogenous bases of mRNA code for one Amino Acid
Each group is known as a codon
Ex: The codon GCU results in the amino acid Alanine
64 combinations are possible when using a sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases
Universal Code for all organisms

10. Genetic Code “Alphabet”

11. Amino Acids (Serine, Leucine, etc)
Proteins
Chains of amino acids
Amino Acids (Serine, Leucine, etc)
Codons (3 nucleotides -UCA, CUA, etc)
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous
Base
This slide might be confusing. Still working on it

12. Translation (mRNA protein) p.294
Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes
mRNA attaches to ribosome. tRNA (carrying a specific AA) approaches ribosome
tRNA (anticodon) attaches with mRNA (codon)
A new tRNA molecule attaches next to previous tRNA molecule and AA from each tRNA bond together (peptide bond)
Ribosome slides down mRNA molecule to allow a new tRNA to attach. Old tRNA molecules are released.
A long chain of AA is formedprotein!!
Como say llama
Whats ur name

13. Protein Synthesis Animation Do it yourself
When we eat a steak and all that protein what is the difference b/w the protein we eat and the protein we make?
Protein we eat is broken up into AA that our cells use to make more protein