1. How to Use This Presentation
To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects
select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.”
To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar.
From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource.
From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation.
You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Biochemistry
Table of Contents
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Section 2 Molecules of Life

4. Chapter 3 Objectives Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.
Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.
Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

5. Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding
Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things.
Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.

6. Carbon Bonding, continued
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding, continued
Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds.

7. Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding

8. Chapter 3 Functional Groups
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.

9. Large Carbon Molecules
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Large Carbon Molecules
Condensation reactions join monomers (small simple molecules) to form polymers. A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product.
In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.

10. Chapter 3 Energy Currency
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Energy Currency
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function.

11. Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Comparing ADP and ATP

12. Chapter 3 Objectives Section 2 Molecules of Life
Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides.
Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.
Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.
Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.
Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

13. Chapter 3 Carbohydrates
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.
Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.

14. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Carbohydrates

15. Carbohydrates, continued
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Carbohydrates, continued
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides.

16. Carbohydrates, continued
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Carbohydrates, continued
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide.
A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharides.

17. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Disaccharides

18. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins
Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles.

19. Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Amino Acids
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins, continued
Amino Acids
Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function.

20. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Amino Acid

21. Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Dipeptides and Polypeptides
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins, continued
Dipeptides and Polypeptides
Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide.
A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

22. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Structure of Proteins

23. Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Enzymes
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins, continued
Enzymes
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates.
The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction.

24. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Enzyme Activity

25. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes.

26. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Fats

27. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Fatty Acids
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Fatty Acids
Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.

28. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Fatty Acids

29. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Triglycerides
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Triglycerides
Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.

30. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Phospholipids
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Phospholipids
Phospholipids, which make up cell membranes, consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.

31. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Waxes
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Waxes
A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol.
Steroids
A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings.

32. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information.

33. Structure of Nucleic Acids
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Structure of Nucleic Acids

34. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Nucleic Acids

35. Nucleic Acids, continued
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Nucleic Acids, continued
The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes.

36. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
DNA Overview

37. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

38. Chapter 3 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides?
A. energy source
B. energy storage
C. structural support
D. storage of genetic information

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides?
A. energy source
B. energy storage
C. structural support
D. storage of genetic information

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements is false?
F. A wax is a lipid.
G. Starch is a lipid.
H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements is false?
F. A wax is a lipid.
G. Starch is a lipid.
H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. protein
D. carbohydrates

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. protein
D. carbohydrates

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars?
F. starch
G. protein
H. cellulose
J. glycogen

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars?
F. starch
G. protein
H. cellulose
J. glycogen

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions that follow.
5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane?
A. waxes
B. steroids
C. fatty acids
D. phospholipids

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions that follow.
5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane?
A. waxes
B. steroids
C. fatty acids
D. phospholipids

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions that follow.
6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water?
F. polar
G. adhesive
H. hydrophilic
J. hydrophobic

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions that follow.
6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water?
F. polar
G. adhesive
H. hydrophilic
J. hydrophobic

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below represents
the structural formula of a molecule. Use the
figure to answer the question that follows.
8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula?
F. amino
G. hydroxyl
H. phosphate
J. carboxyl

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below represents
the structural formula of a molecule. Use the
figure to answer the question that follows.
8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula?
F. amino
G. hydroxyl
H. phosphate
J. carboxyl

54. Chapter 3 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH.
Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed.

55. Short Response, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH.
Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed.
Answer:
The heat that is added to the egg changes the bonds in the proteins and other molecules that make up the egg to such a large extent that the original protein shape can no longer be distinguished.

56. Chapter 3 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells.
Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for cell function.
Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme action.

57. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that are involved in important cell processes.
Part B Bonding of the substrates to enzymes causes a slight change in the enzyme’s shape, thereby weakening some of the bonds and lowering activation energy.

58. Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Energy Currency