1. articulators
Dr .shanai M.

2. Articulators
Dental articulator is a mechanical instrument or mechanical analogues of the TMJ & the upper & lower arches, to which casts of the upper and lower casts can be attached for reproducing jaw relation and movement of the lower jaw relation to the upper.
function of an articulator:-
Its allows most of prosthetic work to be done in the absence of the patient (diagnosis, treatment planning, setting-up of teeth and development of balance articulation and waxing-up of dentures)
Maintain jaw relation record during setting-up of teeth.
Denture remounting after processing for correction of occlusal disharmony.

3. Requirements of an articulator
1. it should hold casts in the correct horizontal relationship.
2. it should hold casts in the correct vertical dimension
3. the casts should be easily removable and re-attachable.
4. it should provide a positive anterior vertical stop(incisal pin)
5. it should accept face-bow transfer record
6.it should open and close in hinge movement
7. it should be made of non-corrosive and rigid materials.
8. it should not be bulky or heavy
9. there should be adequate space between the upper and lower members
10. the moving parts should move freely with out friction

4. The design of articulators have been based on
1-Theories of occlusion Bon will theory
Conical
Spherical
2- types of records used for their adjustment.
3- the adjustment of which they are capable.

5. 1- Non adjustable condylar path articulators.
Types of articulators
1- Non adjustable condylar path articulators.
A- Simple hinge articulators(class I)
B- Fixed or Average Mean value condylar path articulators (class II)
2- Adjustable condylar path articulators
A- Sime-adjustable condylar path articulator(Class III)
B- Fully-adjustable condylar path articulator(Class IV)

6. 1. Non adjustable condylar path articulators. A
1. Non adjustable condylar path articulators. A. Simple hinge articulator Class I
* It consists of two arms upper and lower members held apart at a certain distance by a screw which acts at the back. The screw can increase or decrease the distance between the two members, and permits only a hinge like movement.

7. Possible movements: This type of articulators gives only opening and closing movements. Records required: 1. vertical dimension of occlusion 2. centric relation records. Disadvantages: These articulators do not represent the temporomandibular joint and the dynamic mandibular movements

8. B- mean value or fixed condylar path articulators (class II)
The two members of these articulators are joined together by two joints that represent the TMJ. The horizontal condylar path is fixed at certain angle that ranges from which is the average of the most patients. The incisal guide table is also fixed at a certain angle from horizontal. On the fixed condylar path articulators, the upper members are movable (the condyle) and the lower members are stationary.

9. Possible movements:
1. opening and closing.
2. Protrusive movement at a fixed condylar path angle.
Records required:
1. vertical dimension of occlusion.
2. centric relation record.
3. face-bow record: in some designs of these articulators, the upper cast can be mounted by a face bow transfer.
When the articulator dose not accepts face bow record, the mounting is made according to Bonwill triangle.
Bonwill found that in mandible the inter-condyle distance as well as the distance from each condyle to the contact point of lower central incisors was 4 inches (equilateral triangle).

10. An anterior pointer is attached to the incisal pin of the articulator to locate the tip (midline) of occlusion rim
Labially and thus to orients cast in relation on the Bonwill triangle.
Disadvantages:
1. most of these articulators do not accept face-bow record
2. the condylar path moves to a fixed angle and its successful in patients whose condylar angle approximates that articulator
3. no lateral movements.

11. 2- Adjustable condylar path articulators(ClassIII &ClassIV):
this type of articulators differs from the fixed condylar path articulators in that it has adjustable condylar and incisal guidance. They can be adjusted so that the movements of its jaw members closely resemble all movements of the mandible for each individual patient.
A) Simple or semi adjustable articulator.
In these articulators (e.g. Hanau ‘s articulator) the horizontal condylar path is adjusted by a protrusive record obtain from the patient. While the lateral condylar path is adjusted according to an arrange value by special formula:L=H/8+12. (Hanaue formula):
L = the lateral condylar path
H = the horizontal condylar path angle which is recorded from the patient.
Some semi adjustable articulators are non-arcon, while others are arcon. The term arcon (articulator+ condyle) is commonly used to indicate an instrument that has its condyles on the lower member and the condylar guides on upper members.

12. The non-arcon or condylar articulator having the condylar guides (fossa assemblies) attached to the lower member. Possible movements 1. opening and closing 2. Protrusive movement according to horizontal condylar path angle determined from the patient 3. lateral movement to the angle estimated from the Hanau s formula 4. some types have Bennett movement (immediate side shift).

13. Records required
A Maxillary face bow record to mount the upper cast. Some of the semi adjustable articulators have orbital plan guides. The orbital plane guide allow the casts to be mounted in relation to the axis-orbital plane of the patients and orients the casts on the articulator in the same relationship to the dental arches as in the patients
Centric occluding relation recordes (vertical dimension and centric relation) to mount the lower cast.
Protrusive record to adjust the horizontal condylar path inclination of the articulator.
Disadvantages
The lateral condylar path angle is determined from the formula
Most of these articulators have no Bennett movement.

14. B) Fully Adjustable Articulator(ClassIV)
They differ from the semi-adjustable articulators in that the lateral condylar path inclinations are adjusted according to records taken from the patient.
Possible movements
The same movements of the semi adjustable articulators. In addition they have Bennett movement

15. Records required A maxillary face bow record to mount the upper cast
Centric occluding relation record to mount the lower cast
Protrusive record to adjust the horizontal condylar path inclination.
Right lateral record to adjust the left lateral condylar path inclination
Left lateral record to adjust the right lateral condylar path of inclination

16. Components of articulator
Upper Member
Lower Member
Incisal Guide Table
Condylar Guidance
Incisal Pin

17. Upper member
It is a tringular frame with the base of the trinagle placed posteriorly.
The apex of triangle contains a provision to accommodate the incisal pin.
Two condylar elements are seen projecting on either side of the base of the triangle.

18. Lower member
L shaped frame with horizontal and vertical arm.
The horizontal arm is triangular in shape and corresponds to the upper member.
The apex of the triangle of the horizontal arm contains the incisal guide table.
The vertical arm is rectangular containing the condylar guidance slot at the upper position.

19. INCISAL GUIDE TABLE INCISAL PIN
It can be describes as a very short cylindrical whose upper surface is concave.
The vertical rod should rest on the center of the incisal guide table during articulation.
INCISAL PIN
It helps to keep a fixed distance between the upper and lower members at the anterior end.
The vertical rod has a pointed tip, which should rest on the centre of the incisal guide table during articulation.
The tip of the incisal guide pin is the anterior reference point in this articulator.