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Chapter 1 #73 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

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1 Chapter 1 #73 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

3 Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier):
Three Important Laws Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier): Mass is neither created nor destroyed. Law of definite proportion (Proust): A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

4 Three Important Laws (continued)
Law of multiple proportions (Dalton): When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

5 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

6 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (continued)
Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

7 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (continued)
Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms—changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

8 Concept Check Which of the following statements regarding Dalton’s atomic theory are still believed to be true? Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms. IV. Atoms are indestructible. Statements I and III are true. Statement II is not true (due to isotopes and ions). Statement IV is not true (due to nuclear chemistry). Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

9 Avogadro’s Hypothesis
At the same T and P, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

10 Gay—Lussac Measured (under same conditions of T and P) the volumes of gases that reacted with each other. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

11 Representing Gay—Lussac’s Results
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

12 Electrons – found outside the nucleus; negatively charged.
The atom contains: Electrons – found outside the nucleus; negatively charged. Protons – found in the nucleus; positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron’s negative charge. Neutrons – found in the nucleus; no charge; virtually same mass as a proton. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

13 Small compared with the overall size of the atom.
The nucleus is: Small compared with the overall size of the atom. Extremely dense; accounts for almost all of the atom’s mass. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

14 Nuclear Atom Viewed in Cross Section
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

15 In nature most elements contain mixtures of isotopes.
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Show almost identical chemical properties; chemistry of atom is due to its electrons. In nature most elements contain mixtures of isotopes. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

16 Two Isotopes of Sodium Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

17 Atomic Number = number of protons
Element Symbol Atomic Number = number of protons Mass Number = number of protons + neutrons (mass numbers are always whole numbers, different from average atomic mass!) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

18 What is the mass number of this isotope? Identify the element.
Exercise A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28 neutrons. What is the mass number of this isotope? Identify the element. The mass number is 51. Mass Number = # protons + # neutrons. Mass Number = = 51. The element is vanadium. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

19 A certain isotope X+ contains 54 electrons and 78 neutrons.
Exercise A certain isotope X+ contains 54 electrons and 78 neutrons. What is the mass number of this isotope? The mass number is 133. The plus charge in X+ means that the ion has lost an electron, therefore the number of protons is 55 (54+1). The ion is Cs+ with a mass number of 133 (55+78). Note: Use the red box animation to assist in explaining how to solve the problem. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

20 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

21 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

22 Periods – horizontal rows of elements
The Periodic Table Metals vs. Nonmetals Groups or Families – elements in the same vertical columns; have similar chemical properties Periods – horizontal rows of elements Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

23 The Periodic Table Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

24 Alkaline Earth Metals (2A)
Groups or Families Table of common charges formed when creating ionic compounds. Group or Family Charge Alkali Metals (1A) 1+ Alkaline Earth Metals (2A) 2+ Halogens (7A) 1– Noble Gases (8A) Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

25 P 70 # 33, 34, 47a, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 Due: Chapter 2 Homework
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

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