1. Use of Antibiotics in Cattle: Changes Coming Dr
Use of Antibiotics in Cattle: Changes Coming Dr. Dee Whittier Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine

8. FDA Antibiotic Changes
Changes coming in the way antibiotics are used in food animals.
December 2013, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a final “guidance for industry” that starts the clock running on some of these changes.
Initially:
Animal health companies
Adjustments that will eventually make their way down to the people who prescribe and use the drugs: veterinarians and livestock producers.

9. Antibiotic Changes
The role of livestock antibiotics in contributing to resistant bacterial infections in humans is complex and has been long-debated.
Producer associations have seen the writing on the wall for a couple of years now that these changes were coming.
But what do they actually mean for producers?

10. The Development of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics

11. The Development of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics

12. Antibiotic Usage
Over the Counter
Prescription
Extra-Label

13. Antibiotic Usage
Prescription

14. Antibiotic Usage
Extra-Label

15. Extra-Label
Any species, any condition, any route, any dose other than label
Conditions:
Direction of a Veterinarian
Proper Veterinary-Patient- Client relationship
Exaggerated withdrawal times
Proper labeling

16. Antibiotic Changes What will change?
The labeled uses of “medically important” antibiotics for growth promotion and improvements in feed efficiency will go away.
Extra-label use of feed grade antibiotics is illegal, these uses will continue to be illegal.

17. Antibiotic Changes
Before a producer can obtain (for example) CTC (chlortetracycline- Aureomycin) crumbles for his calves or pigs, he will have to obtain a VFD form filled out by his veterinarian. (2016)
The form will specify the farm and animals to be treated, the duration of treatment, and which drug is to be used. The feed mill or distributor would need to have a properly completed VFD before they could supply the feed.

18. Antibiotic Changes
Before a producer can obtain (for example) CTC (chlortetracycline- Aureomycin) crumbles for his calves or pigs, he will have to obtain a VFD form filled out by his veterinarian. (2016)

20. VFD : Veterinary Feed Directive

23. A little Math 0.5 mg / lb body wt per day 1200 lb cow = 0.6 gm/hd/day
If cows eat 4 oz per head per day
4800 gm / ton of mineral

24. Antibiotic Changes
The VFD won’t be able to come from just any veterinarian.
Right now VFD’s have to be issued in the midst of a valid veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR) that’s spelled out by federal regulation.

25. Antibiotic Changes What won’t change:
The ability to use feed-grade antibiotics to treat, control, or prevent bacterial diseases.
The term “prevention” is used in the situation where there is a very high risk of illness if you don’t administer the antibiotic. However, producers will need to obtain a VFD for these products as explained above.

26. Antibiotic Changes The Kind’a Good News:
The FDA doesn’t have many resources for enforcement
Now only act if there is a complaint or residue
But: Do we really want to live having to always look over our shoulder?

27. Antibiotic Changes What won’t change:
How one uses and obtains non-“medically important” feed grade products. Examples of these include ionophores like Rumensin®, Bovatec®, most coccidiosis medications, and certain growth-promoting medications like bacitracin (BMD).
Since they’re not used very often if at all in human medicine, there will be no changes in their use.

28. Antibiotic Changes
What won’t change:
Uses of injectable antibiotics. However, this proposal would also move over-the-counter medically-important water medications to “prescription” status like many injectable antibiotics.
Extra label uses of feed-grade medications. Any use of feed grade medications not in accordance with their label is illegal now, and it will remain so.

30. Antibiotic Changes
Antibiotic resistance is a complex and sometimes contentious topic among animal and human health professionals.
The complexity of the issue means that a “silver bullet” solution is not going to present itself any time soon.

31. Antibiotic Changes
All of us involved in using these products—in animals and people alike—play a role in ensuring that they continue to work for the sake of our animals and our family members.
Understanding these proposed changes and proactively deciding how they will work into your operation is a great first step that we can all take.

32. Antibiotic Residues Beef Cattle have a “good” record
Beef Cows more than fed cattle
Continue to struggle:
Cull dairy cows
Veal

33. Total Cattle Marketed Cattle Marketed Data from USDA-AMS Beef Cows
Total Cattle Marketed by Residue Testing Class, Data from USDA-AMS
Beef Cows
Feeder
Dairy Cows
Veal
Total/Yr
Year
3,569,300
27,040,000
2,591,200
942,000
34,142,500
2008
3,178,000
27,492,000
2,496,900
744,800
33,911,700
2007
2,982,700
27,297,800
2,353,500
698,700
33,332,700
2006
2,522,900
26,558,100
2,252,100
717,600
32,050,700
2005
2,706,000
26,537,000
2,363,000
Not Avail
31,606,000
2004
3,163,000
28,255,000
2,860,000
34,278,000
2003
Cattle Marketed Data from USDA-AMS
Beef Cows
Feeder
Dairy Cows
Veal
2008
3,569,300
27,040,000
2,591,200
942,000
2007
3,178,000
27,492,000
2,496,900
744,800
2006
2,982,700
27,297,800
2,353,500
698,700
2005
2,522,900
26,558,100
2,252,100
717,600
2004
2,706,000
26,537,000
2,363,000
Not Avail
2003
3,163,000
28,255,000
2,860,000
AVE
2,910,520
27,227,980
2,465,100
720,367

34. Chemical Defects … Residues
1982 … just under 2% of all beef cattle
2008 …Random samples: Zero antibiotics, 0.3% avermectin & sulfa
Percent Antibiotics & Sulfonamide Positive Calculations from
Total Inspector Generated Samples (Targeted) Compared to Years Total Harvest
Beef Cows
Feeder
Dairy Cows
Veal
Total
Year % % % % %
2008 % % % % %
2007 % % % % %
2006 % % % % %
2005 % %
Not Avail %
2004 % % %
2003

35. What does this mean ?
0.0035% = = 35 residues in 100,000 targeted samples. Overall 2008
% = 20 residues in 100,000 targeted samples. Beef cows 2008
0.0392% = 392 residues in 100,000 targeted samples.

36. Chemical Defects … Residues OTC vs Vet Rx
USDA-FSIS Red Book Data
FSIS Veterinary Inspector In-charge Generated Samples
Inspector Generated (IG)*
Number IG Violative Residue (Num & Ratio)
Total Samples
VetRx#
OTC#
VetRx Ratio
OTC Ratio
2008, 135,389
569
1064
0.53
1.87
2007, 149,590
418
904
0.46
2.16
2006, 79,909
332
922
0.36
2.78
2005, 129,865
264
734
2004, 153,542
213
1402
0.15
6.58
2003, 230,355
398
1496
0.27
3.76
[ OTC (Over The Counter): Sulfas (Su), PenG (Pen), Tetracylines (Tetra), Neomycin (Neo),]
[ VetRx (Prescription): Gentamicin (Gen), Tilmicosin (Tilm), Florfenicol (Flor), Flunixin (Flun), Quinolone (Quin),Ceftiofur (Cet), Ampicillin (Amp)]
* Inspector Generated (IG) samples are taken from cattle suspected by the inspector as having a high risk of containing a violative residue (Injection sites and active lesions)

38. Pinkeye or Infectious Bovine
Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)

39. Pinkeye Wt. Loss

47. Tetradure 300 mg/ ml Oxytetracycline 3 cc/100 lb.
Metaphylaxis push – 5-7 days
Better than LA-200?

54. Herd Treatment Treatment of an outbreak > 10 % of herd affected
Move pastures if tall grass
Fly spray to remove all flies
Treat whole herd (just calves?) with long-duration tetracycline

55. 3. Prevention of Bacterial and Viral Infections
Pinkeye
Prevention:
1. Face fly Control
2. Pasture Management
3. Prevention of Bacterial
and Viral Infections

65. Pinkeye Conclusions Pinkeye will be with us for the foreseeable future
Reduce Risk?
Face fly control
Pasture Management
Early treatment