1. Population & Migration
Overcrowded v Overpopulation: overpopulation is when # of population is more than resources. In some regions there is overpopulation but globally not overpopulated
2/3 of population near water & within 300 miles of an ocean
Ecumene: permanent human settlement

2. Population & Migration
2/3 of population clustered in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, & Europe
¾ of the World's Population occupy 5% of earths land surface
4 types of lands:
Dry
Wet
Cold
High

3. Population & Migration
Population density:
Arithmetic Density: # of people per land area
Physiological Density: # of people per arable land
Agricultural Density: # of farmers per arable land
Population Growth:
Natural Increase Rate= CBR/CDR (it is per 1,000)
Doubling Time
Total Fertility Rate: average # children women will have
Infant Mortality Rate: # of infants deaths (under 1)

4. Population & Migration
Demographic Transition
Four stages
Stage 1: Low growth
Agricultural revolution
Stage 2: High growth
Industrial Revolution
Stage 3: Moderate growth
Stage 4: Low growth
Stage 5: zero-negative growth
Zero population growth (ZPG)

5. Population & Migration
Population pyramids-
A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex composition
Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR
Age distribution
Dependency ratio- # of productive/working compared to the # that are nonproductive
Sex distribution
Sex ratio- # of males to females

7. Population & Migration
Demographic transition & world population growth
Most countries = stage 2 (High) or stage 3 (Moderate) of the Demographic Transition
Stages 2 and 3 are characterized by significant population growth
NO country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition
It is easier to cause a drop in the CDR than in the CBR

8. Population & Migration
Malthus on overpopulation
An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically
Declining birth rates
Reasons for declining birth rates
Reliance on economic development
Changes in society: focus on education, role of women, healthcare, etc
Distribution of contraceptives
Reducing birth rates with contraception

9. Population & Migration
The epidemiologic transition- distinctive causes of death during demographic transition
Stage 1: Pestilence and famine
Stage 2: Receding pandemics
Stage 3: Degenerative diseases
Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases
possible Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases?

10. Population & Migration
Migration: is a permanent move to a new location
Emigration- migration from a location
Immigration- migration to a location
Net Migration- difference between emigrants to immigrants

11. Population & Migration
Primitive Migration
Hunter / Gatherers
Mass Migration (aka Group Migration)
Involves a large # of people, such as colonialism
Free Migration
Deciding to migrate without coercion, support, or compulsion
Restricted Migration
Migration today is limited by laws, quotas, etc.
Impelled & Forced Migration
Trail of Tears
Japanese-American internment camps
Nazi resettlement
Slavery
Rural-to-Urban Migration
Economic

13. Population & Migration
Reasons for migration
Most people migrate for economic reasons
Push and pull factors
Push Factor- induces people to move away
Pull Factor- induces people to move to that location

14. Population & Migration
Intervening obstacles- hinders migration. Cultural or environmental
Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental
Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles
Internal migration (Most Prevalent)
2 types:
Interregional migration = movement from one region to another. ex: Miami to Orlando
Intraregional migration = movement within a region.

15. Population & Migration
Migration Transition: a change in migration due to societal changes. Ex: industrial revolution people moved from rural to urban.
international migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

16. Population & Migration
Characteristics of migrants
Most long-distance migrants are
Male
Adults
Individuals

17. Population & Migration
Global migration patterns
Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America (losing people)
Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania (gaining people)
The United States has the largest foreign-born population. Not the highest rate. (Australia, Canada)

18. Population & Migration
U.S. migration patterns
Three main eras of migration
Colonial migration from England and Africa
Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe
Recent immigration from LDCs Destinations
California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented immigrants
New York = one-sixth of all immigrants
Chain migration- migration of people because relatives or same nationally people live there

19. Population & Migration
Intraregional migration in the United States
Migration from rural to urban areas
Primary reason = economic migration
Migration from urban to suburban areas
Primary reason = suburban lifestyle
Migration from urban to rural areas
Counterurbanization

20. Population growth in the developed regions of the world is mostly attributed to ______ whereas developing countries typically grow as a result of _________.
Immigration…natural increase
Natural increase…immigration
Education…political incentives
Religion…gender imbalance
Pro-nationalist policies…political turmoil

21. Population growth in the developed regions of the world is mostly attributed to ______ whereas developing countries typically grow as a result of _________.
Immigration…natural increase
Natural increase…immigration
Education…political incentives
Religion…gender imbalance
Pro-nationalist policies…political turmoil
Answer: A
Most countries in the developed world are at or below replacement-level fertility, meaning if population growth is growing its occurring, it’s most likely occurring because of immigration. In developing countries where fertility levels are higher (but decreasing), growth is attributed to natural increase.

22. In which of the following world regions would you be most likely to find population pyramids with wide bases?
Sub- Sahara Africa
Europe
North America
Oceania
East Asia

23. In which of the following world regions would you be most likely to find population pyramids with wide bases?
Sub- Sahara Africa
Europe
North America
Oceania
East Asia
Answer: A
Many countries in Sub-Sahara Africa are in stage 2 of the demographic transition model- high birth rates, decreases in death rates, and tremendous growth. This stage, in the population pyramid, is depicted with a wide base that reflects the young (and growing) populations of many of these countries.