1. Topic 1.1
Intro. to the particulate nature of matter

4. Matter has a mass occupies a volume in space
made up of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions)
particles are in constant motion
page 2 in IB textbook TOK

5. Intermolecular forces
States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Spacing
closest
intermediate
very far
Shape
fixed
(lattice)
bottom of container
container
Intermolecular forces
strong
weak
Kinetic energy
low
high

6. State Change LIQUID vaporization* *evaporation *boiling melting
condensation
freezing
deposition
GAS
SOLID
sublimation
= taking away heat (cooling down)
= adding heat (heating up)

7. *Boiling vs. Evaporation-- in more detail
the vapor pressure in the liquid is greater than the atmospheric pressure
occurs throughout the liquid
Evaporation
opposite
only occurs at the surface of the liquid

9. energy added at phase change goes into breaking inter-particle forces and NOT raising the temperature

11. Classifying Matter Matter Pure Substance Mixture Homogeneous Mixture
Are all the particles alike?
YES NO
Pure Substance
Mixture
Are the particles one kind of atom?
Are the particles well-mixed and mixed evenly?
YES NO
YES NO
Homogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
Element
Compounds
or Molecules

12. Element
a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances
examples- Al, H, Cu, Na, O…
Compound
two or more elements chemically bonded together
H2O, NaCl, CO2, HCN…

13. Mixtures
more than one element or compound that are not chemically bonded together and therefore retain their individual properties
examples- salt water, air, dirt, metal alloys…
homogenous mixtures
uniform properties (all parts of the mixture are the same)
heterogenous mixtures
non-uniform properties (all parts of
the mixture are not the same)

15. techniques to separate mixtures
boil away liquids (fractional distillation)
different liquids boil away at different temperatures
use a magnet
filter with funnel and filter paper
paper chromotography
manually with tools …

16. fractional distillation

17. Chemical vs. Physical Change
a chemical change is the process of breaking of chemical bonds (ionic or covalent) in one or more substances, and then reforming of new bonds to create new substances
a physical change is simply changing the state of matter, altering shape, size…