1. Meg Devlin O’Sullivan, SUNY New Paltz
“Indigenous Political Sovereignty and the United States”
Meg Devlin O’Sullivan, SUNY New Paltz

2. 2010 Census
565 federally recognized tribes; plus state recognized and non-recognized groups
334 fed and state reservations
Native Americans comprise 1.7 % of U.S. population
5.2 million people

3. Native American? Indian? Indigenous? Tribal Affiliation?
@ClevelandFrowns / Copyright 2002 Lalo Alcaraz and Universal Uclick syndicate Terminology

5. Pre-contact/Invasion (Near Present-day St Louis)

6. “Civilization”
1790

7. Removal
1830

8. Trail of Tears http://www.cherokeemuseum.org/html/collections_tot.html

9. Reservation “Era” Apaches en route to Florida http://www

10. “Interest them in the accumulation of property, which is one of the most important steps in civilization.”
Allotment,   Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1877

11. Tom Torlino (Navajo), Carlisle, October 1882
Tom Torlino (Navajo), Carlisle, October 1882
Three years later

12. http://www. english. illinois
Apache children at the Carlisle Indian School
Four months later

13. “To domesticate and civilize Indians is a noble work…
“To domesticate and civilize Indians is a noble work…. But to allow them to drag on along year after year, and generation after generation, in their old superstitions, laziness, and filth, when we have the power to elevate them in the scale of humanity, would be a lasting disgrace to our government.”
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1881

14. Indian Reorganization Act
1934

15. Post-War Policies into the 21st Century
Termination & Relocation (1953)
Self-Determination (1975)

16. Conclusions ?