1. Review
Ch. 2: Ecology of Socialization (what are 1, 2, 3 & 4?) What is meant by Aims of Socialization? What are the stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory? Name and describe the various Methods of Socialization. Last week we were introduced to reinforcement and punishment. For reinforcement we talked about negative and positive reinforcement. The same is true for punishment. What do you think positive punishment means?

2. Aims of Socialization Develop a self-concept Enable self-regulation
An individual’s perception of his or her identity as distinct from that of others
Enable self-regulation
The ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions … until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression
Empower achievement
Setting appropriate goal based on an understanding of development
Teach appropriate social roles
To be part of a group, individuals must have a function that complements the group
Implement developmental skills
a task that lies between an individual need and a societal demand
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3. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Jeopardy
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In infancy (b-1), babies learn based on their caregiver’s responsiveness.
Trust vs. Mistrust
In toddlerhood (1-3), children need reasonable opportunities for choice.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
In early childhood (3-6), the world is explored through play and imagination.
Initiative vs. Guilt
In middle childhood (6-11), cooperation and productivity lead to success.
Industry vs. Inferiority
In adolescence, pre-teens and teens must come to better understand themselves.
Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
In early adulthood, many young adults focus on close personal relationships.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
In middle adulthood, the focus often shifts to caring for others.
Generativity vs. Self-Absorption
In late adulthood, individuals must come to terms with their lives.
(Ego) Integrity vs. Despair

4. Methods of Socialization
Affective
– having to do with feelings or emotions (e.g., attachment)
Operant
– producing an effect (e.g., reinforcement, punishment, feedback, learning by doing)
Observational
– imitation by observing/watching (e.g., modeling)
Cognitive
– processing information, meaning from experiences (e.g., instruction, setting standards, reasoning)
Sociocultural
– characteristics of the social environment (e.g., group pressure, tradition)
Apprenticeship
– a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks

5. Operant Conditioning – Positive and Negative Reinforcement … and Punishment

6. Reinforcements and Punishments with The University of Iowa

7. Reinforcements and Punishments with The Simpsons

8. A child completes their homework in a timely fashion
A child completes their homework in a timely fashion. They receive a good grade from their teacher and praise from their parent.
A child doesn’t complete their homework. They receive a poor grade from their teacher and criticism from their parent.
After a child receives a poor grade due to missing homework, the parent takes away a favored electronic device and implements a policy that requires the child complete their homework first thing when they arrive home from school.
The child then pulls up their grade, so the parent removes the policy that the child must do homework immediately upon arriving home for the day and returns the electronic device.

9. Preview— Ecology of the Family

10. Chapter 3 -- Preview Family Systems Family Structures Family Functions
Family Transitions
Macrosystem Influences
Chronosystem Influences

11. Chapter 3 Quiz
1) Explain the terms nuclear family and extended family. How do they relate to each other? (You may choose to create a diagram or provide a written explanation).
2) Explain the terms family of orientation and family of procreation. How do they relate to each other? (You may choose to create a diagram or provide a written explanation).
SES is a simple variable that is based on a family’s income level?
T/F
The structure of a family accurately describes its function? T/F
The ______________________ family is one in which the children are part of two homes and two family groups.

12. Family Structures Nuclear family Extended family
A family consisting of a husband, a wife, and their children
Extended family
Relatives of the nuclear family who are economically and emotionally dependent on each other
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All Rights Reserved.

13. Fig. 3-3, p. 89 Figure 3.3: Extended Family. ©2010 Cengage Learning.
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Fig. 3-3, p. 89

14. Family Structures Family of orientation Family of procreation
The family into which one is born
Family of procreation
The family that develops when one marries and has children
©2010 Cengage Learning.
All Rights Reserved.

15. Fig. 3-2, p. 88 Figure 3.2: Nuclear Family. ©2010 Cengage Learning.
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Fig. 3-2, p. 88