1. How did fossil fuels form? Summarise on a MWB
Starter
How did fossil fuels form?
Summarise on a MWB

3. Formation of fossil fuels

8. Questions

9. Answers

10. Presentations
You have ten minutes to prepare a short presentation on one of the following
Group 1
Crude oil refinement (Fractional distillation and desulfurisation)
Group 2
Cracking (catalytic, thermal, steam and hydrocracking)
Group 3
Octane numbers, knocking, leaded and unleaded
Group 4
Zeolites

11. Removal of sulphur in fuels
Removal of sulphur from liquid fuels (especially diesel) is very important
If sulphur is not removed it stops catalytic converters from working properly
Massive reduction in SO2 pollution from diesel engines
Better fuel efficiency (oxygen and energy are not wasted on oxidising sulphur)
Removal of sulphur from crude oil (or its fractions) is commercially important, as sulphur is used to produce sulphuric acid (no. 1 industrial chemical)
Huge reduction in local SO2 emissions and local acid rain production from vehicle exhausts

12. Removing acidic hydrogen sulfide
Dissolved in basic potassium carbonate solution
It can also be burned in air to form sulfur dioxide. That can then be reacted with more hydrogen sulfide to produce elemental sulfur
Can you write the three equations describing what happens above?

13. Answers H2S(g) + CO32- (aq)↔ HS- (aq) + HCO3-(aq)
2H2S(g) +3O2(g)  2SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
2H2S(g) + SO2  3S (s) +2H2O (l)

15. Cracking
Use heat or a catalyst

16. Hydrocracking
Hydrocracking is a catalytic chemical process used in petroleum refineries for converting the high-boiling constituent hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil.

17. Zeolite

18. Zeolite
A large group of minerals consisting of hydrated aluminosilicates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and barium. They can be readily dehydrated and rehydrated, and are used as cation exchangers and molecular sieves. They are good catalysts for cracking etc

20. Additional information

21. Four stroke engine

22. Knocking youtube

23. Octane Rating Fuel’s ability to resist engine knocking
Definition
Fuel’s ability to resist engine knocking
Compared to volumetric mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane
Iso-octane
(2,2,4-Trimethylpentane)
C8H18
Heptane
(n-Heptane)
C7H16
Example
87 gasoline from pump should have the same octane rating as 87% iso-octane and 13% heptane.

26. Increasing the octane number
Adding lead
Alkylation

27. Alkylation

28. Isomerisation

29. Summary

31. Coal gasification
Coal gas used to be used before natural gas Coal was reacted with steam to make carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Both of which are combustible gases. Its known as town gas and still used today

32. When the oil runs out…

33. Questions

34. Answers

43. Carbon footprint
Discuss the following

44. Carbon footprint What is your carbon footprint

45. Questions

46. Solutions

47. Exercises

48. Answers part 1

49. Answers part 2