1. Fuel Economy in Macedonia
Stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions from road transport trough doubling of global vehicle fuel economy: regional implementation of the Global Fuel Economy Initiative – GFEI
Fuel Economy in Macedonia
18-19 May 2016
Hotel “Romantik” Veles
Alex Körner

2. Content Why fuel economy policies – motivation Some definitions
Fuel economy and climate change
National targets
Some definitions
Fuel economy – fuel consumption – fuel efficiency
Fuel economy and pollutant emissions
Fuel economy policies and fuel quality

3. Motivation

4. Transport sector energy use
Transport energy use
Transportation accounts for about a fifth of global energy use
By 2050, transport energy use might almost double under a business as usual scenario
Source: Based on IEA Energy Technologies Perspectives 2014

5. Car fuel economy is a “low-hanging fruit” for GHG mitigation
Transport accounts for 23% of energy related carbon emissions
Improving fuel economy by 50% until 2050 can save up to 33 Gt CO2 and up to USD 8 trillion globally
Source: GFEI State of the World 2016

6. Better fuel economy pays back
30% fuel consumption reduction pays back after 3.5 years (44,000km, USD 1.1/L, 8L/100km base FE, no discounting, today’s technology cost)
50% fuel consumption reduction pays back after 6 years (75,000km, USD 1.1/L, 8L/100km base FE, no discounting)
Source: IEA Technology Roadmap: Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles

7. Fuel economy context Fuel economy improvement can be achieved through
Technical changes to vehicles
Changing the types of vehicles bought
Improving vehicle maintenance
Changing the way vehicles are driven (ecodriving)
Reducing traffic congestion
Fuel economy improvement to vehicles should be part of a broader strategy:
Traffic management
City and regional planning
Promotion of public transit

8. Typical national objectives related to fuel economy policies
Reduce oil dependence (diversify fuels)
Improve balance of payments
Reduce pollutant emissions
Reduce greenhouse gases
Promote domestic economies/jobs

9. Fuel economy around the world – status quo

10. Fuel economy policies around the world
More than 80% of the global PLDV market is regulated
Source: GFEI State of the World 2016

11. New PLDV fuel consumption around the World
Globally, fuel economy shows a very broad bandwidth
Countries with FE policies in place show encouraging efficiency improvement
Source: GFEI State of the World 2016

12. Some definitions

13. Definitions: Fuel efficiency – fuel economy – fuel consumption
Fuel economy: km/l
Fuel consumption: l/100km
Fuel efficiency: MJ/pkm or MJ/tkm
Source: IEA Technology Roadmap: Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles

14. Fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and pollutants
Pollutant emissions include: CO, NH3, NOx, VOC, PM10, SOx
Fuel consumption/CO2 emissions and pollutant emissions are two different things – a big car can have low pollutant emission (through use of catalytic converters) but high fuel consumption and CO2 emission
Fuel consumption (L/100km) and CO2 emission (gCO2/km) are interchangeable, the carbon intensity (gCO2/L) of the fuel is the respective conversion factor

15. Fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and pollutants
Gasoline vehicles are generally less polluting but also less efficient compared to diesel vehicles
Pollution and fuel consumption/fuel economy targets are contradictory – more efficient engines are producing more pollutants (especially NOx and PM) and more effort is needed to clean the exhaust gas

16. Fuel economy and fuel quality
Fuel economy, pollutant emissions and fuel quality policies are tightly connected, increasingly efficient engines are demanding increasingly higher quality fuels characterized by (among others):
Absence of lead – prerequisite for exhaust cleaning using catalytic converters
High octane number – necessary for engines with high compression ratios
Low sulphur content – to meet pollutant emission standards

17. State of the art in Macedonia

18. State of the art in Macedonia
Achieved or partially achieved:
Identification of all relevant stakeholders
Engagement of national and international expertise for data gathering and analysis
Set-up of fuel economy baseline
Communication of baseline results
Alignment of fuel quality according to EU Directives
Next steps:
Identify and transpose EU FE policies to Macedonia, in particular
Establish necessary structures for continuous data collection and monitoring process according to EU needs
Align legislation on vehicle import
Investigate additional FE policy measures and quantify their costs and benefits
Implement a harmonized package of FE policy measures  
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19. Thanks!