1. 6:25 World War I

2. Causes of WWI The Great War (July 28, 1914 – Nov. 11, 1919)
Immediate causes:
June 28, 1914: Gavrilo Princip’s assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie
Gavrilo Princip—Serbian, member of the Black Hand, nationalist organization dedicated to ending Austria-Hungary’s rule over the Balkans
Full scale war declared August 4, 1914

3. Causes of WWI Long-term causes: MAIN
Militarism—aggressive military preparedness
Alliances—members agree to protect one another when attacked
Allied Powers—Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan; later: US, China
Central Powers—Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Empire

4. Causes of WWI
Imperialism—European tensions from competition to create colonies
Nationalism--intense loyalty to others who share ones language and culture
Self-determination—people of the same ethnicity, language, and culture should be independent
Overarching belief that the war would end quickly  4 year stalemate

5. Weapons Poison gas—chlorine, phosgene, mustard gas
Machine guns—500 rounds/minute
Submarines—interrupted shipping
Airplanes—reconnaissance
Tanks—allowed for travel over trenches
Trench warfare—miles of below ground tunnels

6. United States Entry (April 6, 1917)
Economic ties to Allied Powers and democracy
Lusitania (May, 1915)—German U-boats sink ocean liner carrying 100+ US citizens
Zimmerman Telegraph (January, 1917)— Germans offer to help Mexico regain US territory if it joins Central Powers

7. Russian Revolution (1917-1920)
Russian casualties  revolts in St. Petersburg  Tsar Nicolas II overthrown in March 1917
Bolshevik Revolution (November 1917)— Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik (radical socialists) seize govt
“peace, land, and bread”
soviets—groups of workers and soldiers led by socialists
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)—Russia withdraws from WWI, gave Germany the Ukraine

10. Total War
total war—a nation dedicates all of its resources to a war effort
women worked in factories building war materials
govts set production quotas, price/wage controls
food rationing, “victory gardens”
media censorship, 1st Amendment restricted
propaganda—inaccurate or slanted information meant to influence opinions

11. End of WWI Treaty of Versailles—Germany surrenders, immense penalties
Armistice Day—November 11, 1919
~8M dead, 21M wounded, 6-13M civilian causalities
“The war to end all wars”

13. Some historians have argued that German hyperinflation was part of the war, not the peace

15. End of WWI
genocide—killing a group of people based on their race, religion, or ethnicity
600k-1.5M Armenian Christians in Turkey
pandemic—disease prevalent over a large area
20M across the world from Spanish flu
Lost Generation—authors who wrote about realities of war

16. Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide

17. Paris Peace Conference
The Big Four—Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), no Russia
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points—plan to est. long lasting peace, “peace without victory”
League of Nations—international peacekeeping organization, US doesn’t join
reparations—payment for wrongdoings, Central Powers pay Allied Powers billions

18. Effects of WWI Mandate system—ruled over former Central Power colonies
African, Arab, Asian nationalism, calls for decolonization
Mustafa Kamal, aka Attaturk ( )—president, westernizer of Turkey
Pan-Arabism—called for unification of N. Africa and SW Asia
Balfour Declaration (1917)—Palestine created as a Jewish homeland

19. The Middle East after World War I Despite promises to the Arab peoples who supported them in the war to let them decide their own postwar political fate, the victorious British and French allies divided much of the Middle East into what in effect were new colonial enclaves.

20. At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice
At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice. The Arab representatives included Prince Feisal, later king of Iraq, and an Iraqi general. A British delegation member, T. E. Lawrence (third from the right), was a longtime friend of the Arabs. The Arabs did not win national self-determination for their homelands, as the British had promised during the war.

21. This photograph, probably taken without the knowledge of the British authorities, shows the construction of the gallows that were used to hang the four peasants who were executed in reprisal for the attacks on British soldiers at Dinshawai in The Dinshawai incident exemplified the colonizers' tendency to overreact to any sign of overt resistance on the part of the colonized.

22. Soldiers, like those captured in this photograph, were extensively recruited by the French in their colonies in North and West Africa, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam to bolster their defenses on the Western Front in France and battle the Germans in colonized Africa.

23. Effects of WWI
March 1st Movement (1919)—2M Koreans rebel against Japanese colonization, crushed by Japan
May 4th Movement (1919)—Chinese angered over loss of Shandong Peninsula to Japan, revolt against Western democracy
US becomes richest, most powerful nation in the world
Anti-immigrant displays and racism increase