1. What is Drama ????
A work of literature/ a composition which delineates life and human and activity, presenting various actions and dialogues between groups of characters.
A literary work that is supposed to be performed, not to be read.
A narrative art in which a playwright had learned to present a story

2. What is Drama ????
Portrays a real life and human nature.
Utilizes plot and character, develops theme, and arouses emotion, appears humor.
Drama can be defined as theatre
( Greek : theatron)

3. DRAMA NORMALLY PRESENTS
ACTION THROUGH ACTORS :
Spectators (audience) see what is done and hear, what is said.
The acted play present this materials all at once
ON A STAGE :
Forcefully command the spectators’ attention
The playwright does not depend on the power of words alone
BEFORE THE AUDIENCE
Creates a communal experience. Its impact is intensified

4. HISTORY OF DRAMA It is based on 4 things, they are :
The mimetic faculty
The sympathetic magic
A belief in Gods
A fear of starvation

5. DRAMA Tragedy Comedy History
Types of Drama
DRAMA Tragedy Comedy History

6. GREEK TRAGEDY
definition

7. Characteristic of Tragedy :
Tragic Hero Tragic Action Tragic Irony Tragic Flaw Tragic Rhythm of Action

8. STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRAGEDY
Prologue
Parodos
Episode
Stasimon
Erodos

9. GREEK COMEDY Definition:
It is generally divided into three categories. They are : Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, New Comedy
A comedy is a work in which the materials are selected and managed primarily in order to interest and amuse
The term comedy is also occurs in prose fiction, and narrative poetry

10. TYPES OF COMEDY
Lets see

11. TRAGEDY and COMEDY The Differences
TRAGEDY Unhappy Climax The subject matter is dark
COMEDY Happy climax The subject matter is light

12. ROMAN COMEDY It is a new comedy It is exemplifie by Menander
It is greatly imitated by the Roman Comedy writers (Plautus and Terence)
It has a great inlfuence on Renaissance and Elizabethan Drama

13. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH DRAMA

14. ELIZABETHAN DRAMA (ELIZABETHAN AGE)
Actors  no actress, only boys
Costume  symbolic
Theme  royal family
 wars
Audience  nobility and humble citizens
Works  Shakespeare’s Macbeth.
Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex

15. PURITAN AGE It is also called as the collapse of the drama

16. RESTORATION DRAMA Actors  actors and actresses
Theme  no certain theme ; for
amusement
Audience  nobility only
The play  Davenant’s Stege of
Rhodes
Howard’s Indian Queen

17. 18th CENTURY DRAMA Audience  both nobility and humble citizens
Plays  Goldsmith’s She Stoop
to Conque
 Sheridan’s The School
for Scandal

18. MODERN DRAMA Henrik Ibsen is the expert (1828-1906)
He is a Nowergian ; the father of problem plays
Drama must deal with human emotions with things near to ordinary men and women
It is drama of ideas, based on contemporary social condition.

19. The Greatness of Ibsen lies on :
His technique
His ability to understand human beings & present them on stage
Like real people
language
plot
lighting
exposition
setting and small events
dialogue

20. Ibsen’s Plays : The Pillars of The Community The Wild Duck Ghost
Hedda Gabler
A Doll’s House

21. DEFINING THE PLAY Introduction :
The student begin his analysis of a play with an extended definition.
The students not only define whether it is a tragedy or comedy, but rather the students attempts delineate accurately the particular world of this particular play

22. DEFINING THE PLAY It covers :  describing the world of play
 the kind of play
 the physical world of the play
 the central theme
 characters define
 plot
 sources
 style
 the outstanding features

23. DRAMATIC STRUCTURE
Structure refers to the total organization of a literary work
Classical tragic structure consists of:
climax/turning point
rising action falling action
catastrophe

24. RISING ACTION
It is entire the first part of the play in which the forces creating conflict.
It usually carries the hero through at series of events which enlarge and intensify his conflict
The rising action usually consists of incident in pairs, move and countermove. The countermove produce the next move.

25. CLIMAX / TURNING POINT
This the end of rising action for it is a major point in the play
The other term for climax is turning point. Sometimes it is preceded by crisis, which make the direction of the turn final.

26. FALLING ACTION
It follows climax and usually present the ways which the hero is slowly overpowered and becomes increasingly helpless

27. CATASTROPHE
It is the main action of the play and it is often a death, usually the death of the hero (male) or heroine (female), or both

28. PLOT (Scheme of Plot)
Climax/Turning Point Rising Action Inciting Force Exposition/ Resolution/ Preliminary Situation Catastrophe

29. CHARACTERS
The main character in a plot is called protagonist and the opponent is called antagonist
Active and Passive Character
Active : they perform act, they have large parts in the play, they are dynamic
Passive : they acted upon by the events of play, it is usually static or unchanging

30. Method of Character Presentation
DISCURSIVE METHOD
The way how the play describe the character by the author’s words
DRAMATIC METHOD
The way how the play describe the personality of the character from dialogues
CONTEXTUAL METHOD
The readers know the personality of the character from another character. It’s sometimes subjectively