1. Crimes against Children: Child Abuse and Child Fatalities
Chapter 13
Crimes against Children: Child Abuse and Child Fatalities

2. Chapter Objectives Summarize the scope of the problem of child abuse.
Explain the role of Child Protective Services (CPS) and the police in crimes against children.
Describe the problem of child physical abuse.
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3. Chapter Objectives
Describe the problems of battered child syndrome, shaken baby syndrome, Munchausen syndrome by proxy, and sudden infant death syndrome.
Summarize the scope and prevalence of child sexual abuse.
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4. Chapter Objectives Explain the significance of the forensic interview.
Summarize the various problems associated with child exploitation.

5. Summarize the scope of the problem of child abuse.
Learning Objective 13.1
Summarize the scope of the problem of child abuse.

6. Scope of Child Abuse
Risk factors commonly associated with maltreatment
Stress
Painful childhood
Alcohol or other drugs
Isolation
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7. Scope of Child Abuse
Risk factors commonly associated with maltreatment
Inexperience with children or unrealistic expectations
Immaturity
Unmet emotional needs
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8. Scope of Child Abuse
Child fatalities can be categorized as either type of maltreatment:
Acute
Chronic
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9. Scope of Child Abuse Acute maltreatment
Child's death caused by injuries from one specific incident
Child has not been previously abused or neglected.
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10. Scope of Child Abuse Chronic maltreatment
Child's death caused by injuries from neglect over an extended period of time
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11. Scope of Child Abuse Parens patriae
Legal term for government's role in protecting the interests of children and intervening when parents fail to provide proper care
Doctrine has evolved into the principle that the community, in addition to the parent, has a strong interest in care and nurturing of children.

12. Learning Objective 13.2
Explain the role of Child Protective Services (CPS) and the police in crimes against children.

13. Child Protective Services
Role of child protective services in cases of child death
Determine whether maltreatment involved in child's death.
Identify the responsible party.
Take appropriate action to protect any surviving siblings.
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14. Child Protective Services
CPS does not determine whether anyone committed a crime.
Coordination between law enforcement and CPS is important in child death investigations.

15. Describe the problem of child physical abuse.
Learning Objective 13.3
Describe the problem of child physical abuse.

16. Child Physical Abuse
Child abuse incorporates a variety of purposeful acts resulting in injuries to a child.
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Physical neglect
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17. Child Physical Abuse
In the death of a child, a medical examiner may be the primary source of contact for investigative purposes.
External signs of abuse
Internal signs of abuse

18. Learning Objective 13.4
Describe the problems of battered child syndrome, shaken baby syndrome, Munchausen's syndrome by proxy, and sudden infant death syndrome.

19. Syndrome Issues Battered child syndrome
The collection of injuries sustained as a result of repeated mistreatment or beatings
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20. Syndrome Issues Investigating battered child syndrome
Collect information about the injury that led to the report.
Interview medical personnel.
Review medical records.
Interview caretakers.
Consider statements caretakers made to others.
Investigate scene where child was hurt.
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21. Syndrome Issues Shaken baby syndrome
Abuser violently shakes an infant or small child, creating a whiplash-type motion that causes acceleration-deceleration injuries.

22. Shaken Baby Syndrome
Classic medical symptoms of shaken baby syndrome include:
Retinal hemorrhaging, often bilaterally
Subdural or subarachnoid hematomas
Absence of other external signs of abuse
Breathing difficulties
Seizures
Dilated pupils
Lethargy or unconsciousness

23. Syndrome Issues Munchausen syndrome by proxy
Parents or caretakers attempt to bring medical attention to themselves by inducing illness in their children.
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24. Syndrome Issues Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
A diagnosis made when there is no other medical explanation for the abrupt death of an apparently healthy infant

25. Summarize the scope and prevalence of child sexual abuse.
Learning Objective 13.5
Summarize the scope and prevalence of child sexual abuse.

26. Child Sexual Abuse Exploitation Incest
The use of children for illegal activities such as prostitution and pornography
Incest
Sexual relations between children and a family member
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27. Child Sexual Abuse Child sexual abuse
The sexual molestation of children, as well as seduction and statutory rape

28. Explain the significance of the forensic interview.
Learning Objective 13.6
Explain the significance of the forensic interview.

29. Child Sexual Assault Interview
The forensic interview
Initial
Secondary
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30. Child Sexual Assault Interview
Forensic interviews are carefully controlled.
Body language must remain neutral.
Alternative explanation for a child's statements must be explored.
Document the interview for court scrutiny.
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31. Child Sexual Assault Interview
Characteristics of child victims
In the 8- to 16-year-old age group
Unsupervised
Unstable home environments
Low or average income families
Subject to abrupt mood changes
Not necessarily delinquent
Possess more money than normal
Withdrawn from family and friends

32. Summarize the various problems associated with child exploitation.
Learning Objective 13.7
Summarize the various problems associated with child exploitation.

33. Child Exploitation
All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government have laws criminalizing the possession, manufacture, and distribution of child pornography.
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34. Child Exploitation
Child pornography is a form of child sexual exploitation, and each image graphically memorializes the sexual abuse of that child.
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35. Child Exploitation
Federal law prohibits the prostitution of children.

36. Chapter Summary
Every year in the United States, thousands of children die from a variety of causes, including homicides.
At least 30 states have either mandated or authorized implementation of multidisciplinary teams to investigate child maltreatment.
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37. Chapter Summary
Child physical abuse remains a serious problem involving a variety of acts resulting in injuries to a child.
Uncovering cases of battered child syndrome and gathering evidence for successful prosecution can be difficult for law enforcement because it is a crime that is often hidden by its perpetrators.
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38. Chapter Summary
Experts suggest statistics underestimate the true incidence of child sexual abuse.
The forensic interview is used during the assessment portion of a child abuse investigation and involves only the children who are the subject of the investigation.
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39. Chapter Summary
The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children acknowledges the definition of child exploitation as defined under federal law.