1. Consumption Measures
Week 4

2. Drivers of consumption
Michaelis (2000) summarizes some of the different drivers of consumption patterns. They include
demographic, economic, and technological change;
resources, infrastructure, and time constraints;
motivation, habit, need, and compulsion; and
social structures, identities, discourse, and symbols

3. Demographic change: Pop Growth
The world population is expected to reach 7 billion in 2012, 8 billion in 2025 and 9 billion in 2045.
The increase in the length of the period required for each new billion to be added reflects a declining growth rate.
In fact, the global population growth rate peaked in the period from 1965 to 1970 at 2 per cent annually and has been declining since then.
For , it was estimated to be
1.17 per cent per year, and it is projected to reach a low 0.36 per cent per year in

4. Demographic change: Fertility Rate
Global fertility has declined markedly since 1965, from 5.0 children per woman in the period to 2.6 children per woman in
Since fertility in the more developed regions was a low 2.4 children per woman in 1965-
1970, the decline resulted mainly from reductions in developing countries, where
fertility dropped from 6.0 to 2.8 children per woman over the period considered.

5. Demographic change: Life Expectancy
Better hygiene, improved nutrition and scientifically based medical practices resulted in major reductions in mortality during the twentieth century.
By , the more developed regions, which benefited first from such advances, had a life expectancy at birth of 66 years, which has since increased to 77 years.

6. Demographic Change: Aged Society
Smaller families and longer life spans are shifting the age distribution of the world population from younger to older.
In 1950, only 8 per cent of the world population was aged 60 years or over. By 2009, that proportion had risen to 11 per cent, and it is expected to reach 22 per cent in 2050.
Globally, the number of persons aged 60 or over is expected almost to triple, from 743 million in 2009 to
2 billion in By that date, the number of older persons will exceed the number of children under the age of 15.

7. Demographic Change: Urbanization
In 2008, for the first time in history, the number of urban dwellers surpassed the number of rural inhabitants.
World urbanization is expected to continue at a fast pace in many developing countries, yielding by 2050 a world population that will likely be 70 per cent urban.

8. Environmental, Social equity and Moral concerns
1)Environmental damage
The extraction, production, use and disposal of many goods and services cause serious environmental problems such as resource depletion, energy wastage, pollution of the air, water and land, and growth in the levels of solid, toxic and hazardous wastes.
2)Poverty While many people around the world, especially in the North, live lives of abundance and affluence, over a billion people still lack access to supplies of safe water, adequate sanitation, energy and nutrition.

9. 3)Health The production of many consumer goods cause extensive damage to human health through air and water pollution. While pollution is a major cause of premature death in the South, many diseases in the North are now considered 'lifestyle' diseases with people dying from the over-indulgence brought on by affluence.

10. Consumption vs Expenditure
Consumption refers to resources actually consumed.
Expenditure excludes consumption that is not based on market transactions. It refers to the purchase of a particular goods or services.
Some goods or services may not be immediately consumed, or at least they may be lasting benefits such as consumer durables.
Consumption should ideally capture the benefits that come from the use of the good, rather than the value of the purchase itself.

11. Measurement of Consumption
Most surveys collect data on four main classes of consumption:
Food items
Non-food items
Consumer durables
Housing
Consumption is measured with a particular reference period in mind, with many surveys aim to accurately measure the total consumption of the household in the last year.

12. Aggregating Different Components of Consumption
A food consumption sub-aggregate is constructed through the aggregation of:
Food that is home produced
Food items received in the market place
Food items received as gifts or remittances from other household
Food received as in-kind payment from employers.

13. Non-Food Consumption
Most surveys only collect data or purchased non-food items, and do not consider home-production.
Values rather than quantities are typically reported.
The recall period may vary for different non-food consumption items, may be a month for daily-use items but longer for items that are purchased less frequently. They are then converted to a common reference period.
Some non-food expenditures e.g. Tax payments, gifts, lumpy expenditures (funeral, marriages) are usually excluded.

14. Consumer Durables
Consumption of these goods refers to rental equivalent or user cost of the good.
It comprises of 2 components: i) the opportunity cost of funds tied up in the durable goods; ii) the depreciation of the good.
The most important durable good is housing where rental value is computed.
For other durables, the value is generally done on the basis of the data on date of purchase and cost of acquisition and the lifetime of the goods. Alternatively, depreciation rates can be calculated using reported current values.

15. Expenditure Survey in Malaysia
First Household Expenditure Survey was done in 1957/58.
Since 1993/94, HES is conducted every five years.
Latest report available is HES 2009/2010.
Laporan Penyiasatan Perbelanjaan Isi Rumah
Report on the Household Expenditure Survey
by Department of Statistics Malaysia

16. Objective of HES
To gather information on level and polar/pattern of expenditure by households on products and services.
To use the information as basis for identification products and services that will be placed in Consumer Price Index ( Indeks Harga Pengguna, IHP).

17. Method of Data Collection
Interview survey
Household s will be given a record book where daily expenditure on products and services are entered for a month.
Purchasing of durable and semi durable goods and some selected items within a year including the month of the survey are recorded.

18. Data Gathered
Socio-demographic – relationship, marital status, gender, age, job, data of birth, education level, income.
Household characteristics – composition, number of family members, type of house, ownership
Income and sources
Expenditure for every household member
Areas are classified into metropolitan, big city, small city and rural region.
A total sample size of 14,084 were involved from a population of

19. Measurement of Consumption Expenditure
Three approaches are used to determine consumption expenditure:
Acquisition approach – recorded at the time of purchase of goods and services
Consumption approach- water and electricity
Payment approach- advance deposit payment in acquiring certain goods and services

20. Definition of Variables
Household- “arrangements made by persons, individually or in groups, for food and other essentials for living within the same quarters”.
For every selected household, only members who have stayed in the selected living quarters for 16 days or more during the reference month are qualified to be included in the survey.

21. Classification of Expenditure Items
Food and non-alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
Clothing and footware
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
Furnishings, household equipment and routine , household maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
9. Recreation services and culture 10. Education 11. Restaurants and hotels 12. Miscellaneous good and services

22. Composition of average monthly household expenditure% 1
Food and non-alcoholic beverages
20.1 2
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
1.8 3
Clothing and footware
3.0 4
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
22.0 5
Furnishings, household equipment and routine , household maintenance
4.3 6
Health
1.4 7
Transport
16.1 8
Communication
5.3 9
Recreation services and culture
4.7 10
Education 11
Restaurants and hotels
10.9 12
Miscellaneous good and services
8.5