1. E. M. Eid, K. H. Shaltout, Y. M. Al-Sodany & Kai Jensen
Effects of abiotic conditions on Phragmites australis along geographic
gradients in Lake Burullus, Egypt by
E. M. Eid, K. H. Shaltout, Y. M. Al-Sodany & Kai Jensen
Aquatic Botany 92 (2010): 86-92

2. Phragmites australis in Lake Burullus
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Phragmites australis in Lake Burullus
1- Food for animals like cattle and sheep during early growth stages.
2- Important refuge for wildlife (its vegetative parts provide shade, shelter and food for fish).
3- Stems used as building material for houses and matting.
4- Phytoremediation & carbon sequestration.

3. Map of Lake Burullus indicating the location of the 8 sampling sites
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Map of Lake Burullus indicating the location of the 8 sampling sites

4. Introduction
Study area
Aims
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Our hypotheses are:
Water characteristics vary along the geographic north-south and east-west transects in Burullus coastal lagoon,
Morphology and biomass of P. australis vary between young and old stands and between different locations along the north-south and east-west transects.

5. Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Experimental Design
Eight sites were selected to represent north- south gradient in the eastern, middle and western basins.
Six randomly distributed quadrates (0.5 x 0.5 m)
per site to represent old and young stands.
Monthly measurements of Shoot density, Shoot height, Stem diameter, Leaf area, Number of leaves, Shoot dry weight, Total above-ground biomass. March – November 2003.
Water measurements: pH, Salinity, TN, TP, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Water level, Transparency.

6. Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Data Analysis
The relationships between density and the morphological parameters (height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf area) were assessed using ANOVAs.
Effects of variation in salinity and fertility along the E-W and N-S transect on the morphological parameters and biomass (shoot dry weight, total above-ground biomass) over time were assessed using repeated measurement ANOVAs.
The significance of variation in water quality parameters along the north-south and east-west transects was assessed using two separate one-way ANOVAs.

7. Water Characters Water depth (cm) 86.2 65.3 59.4 15.4*** EC (mS cm-1)
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Sediment characters
Water Characters
Characters
Site
F-value
East-West axis
North-South axis
E-W axis
N-S axis
East
Middle
West
North
South
General characters
Water temperature (oC)
23.4
24.0
23.1
23.6
23.7
0.3ns
0.0ns
Water depth (cm)
62.9
74.0
78.3
86.2
65.3
59.4
2.6ns
15.4***
Transparency (%)
54.4
45.0
65.6
63.0
36.4
55.9
4.1*
9.0*** pH
8.66
8.81
8.65
8.64
8.85
8.70
2.0ns
3.3*
EC (mS cm-1)
11.7
6.6
5.7
8.5
8.1
8.3
12.4***
Macro-elements N
331.3
239.3
160.5
207.3
276.3
286.1
1.7ns
3.5* P
30.3
135.5
69.3
112.9
106.4
0.9ns
5.7**
Cations Ca
mg l-1
478.9
488.1
434.1
434.5
463.2
513.1
0.1ns
2.3ns Mg
213.8
134.5
110.7
157.3
199.5
131.8
9.1***
4.9** Na
1490.7
935.0
620.1
989.3
1047.7
1151.4
25.9***
0.8ns K
37.4
18.8
9.8
22.0
21.7
26.3
25.4***
0.6ns

8. Morphology and Biomass
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Sediment characters
Morphology and Biomass
Effect
Height
Diameter
Number of Leaves
Leaf area
Density
Shoot dry weight
Standing-crop
ANOVA I
Basin
0.1ns
6.4*
0.6ns
15.1**
2.1ns
1.1ns
Site
29.7***
81.3***
0.8ns
12.7**
257.7***
94.8***
0.4ns
Age
503.8***
390.7***
102.1***
40.9***
73.6***
976.6***
515.3***
Basin*Site
8.7***
27.7***
1.4ns
164.4***
13.7***
4.1*
Basin*Age
1.2ns
3.7ns
3.2ns
0.2ns
21.8***
6.8*
19.0***
Site*Age
0.5ns
5.1**
0.3ns
2.8ns
20.9***
8.3**
Basin*Site*Age
3.6*
1.9ns
6.0*
5.8*
18.4***
ANOVA II
1.8ns
6.3**
1.0ns
7.9**
1.7ns
9.6**
29.3***
0.9ns
17.3***
48.9***
8.4*
3.5*
13.8***

9. Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Shoot Height (cm)
E: eastern basin, N: north site, S: south site, M: middle basin, W: western basin

10. Shoot Density (tiller m-2)
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Sediment characters
Shoot Density (tiller m-2)
E: eastern basin, N: north site, S: south site, M: middle basin, W: western basin

11. Standing Crop (kg DW m-2)
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Sediment characters
Standing Crop (kg DW m-2)
E: eastern basin, N: north site, S: south site, M: middle basin, W: western basin

12. Relation between shoot density, height, diameter and leaf number
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Sediment characters
Relation between shoot density, height, diameter and leaf number

13. Multiple Regression (R2)
Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Sediment characters
Multiple Regression (R2)

14. Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Conclusions
1- All morphological and biomass variables of Phragmites were significantly different between young and old populations.
2- Water characters (water depth, transparency, EC and P) significantly affect the morphology and biomass of Phragmites.
3- Shoot height, diameter and shoot dry weight of young and old populations increased from north to south, while shoot density decreased.
4- Shoot diameter of old populations in the north sites increased significantly along the east-west gradient, while shoot density decreased significantly along the same gradient.

15. Introduction
Study area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
Recommendations
1- Further studies on genetically bases are urgently needed to verify the two morphotypes of Phragmites population differentiated in the present study.
2- Severe human impacts should be stopped, particularly discharge of fish farming, agricultural, industrial and domestic solid and liquid wastes.

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