1. Inter-Korean Cooperation, Exchanges and Reconciliation
PSPD Workshop, June 17, 2004
Seoul, Korea
Yu, Chong-Ae

2. 3 Spheres of Inter-Korean Cooperation & Exchange
Government
Economic
Civil Society

3. Inter-Korean Cooperation & Exchanges, Grown markedly since the Summit in 2000

4. North-South Economic Cooperation…

5. Seoul Street Collection for Disaster Relief to Ryongchon, NK

6. Inter-Korea Agreements & Documents, 1953-Present
Total 92 agreements & documents:
1953: Armistice Agreement
1972: Inter-Korean Joint Communique
(11 on Inter-Korean Basic Agreement)
(9 on DPRK-US Agreed Framework-related)
(69+1 since the Summit in 2000)

7. SK Assistance to North Korea, 1995-2002
Unit: USD ten thousand
year
NGO
Total
Government
Source: MOU

8. SK Government Aid to North Korea, 1995-2004
Year
Aid Amount (USD)
Note
1995
232,000,000
Rice (150,000 MT) direct
1996
3,050,000
Grain, P milk via UN
1997
26,670,000
1998
11,000,000
Grain, flour via UN
1999
28,250,000
Fertilizer - direct
2000
78,630,000
Fertilizer – direct
2001
70,450,000
Fertilizer, grain, underwear, medicine – direct
2002
83,750,000
Fertilizer, grain, med – Dir
2003
87,020,000
Med, cash (unicef), fertilizer, grain (D)
2004
(1~4)
740,000
Yongchon ER supplies, medicines, etc. - direct

9. SK NGO Aid to North Korea, ’95-’04
Year
Aid amount
note
9/95-5/97
4,960,000
Food, blanket-via IFRC
6/97-7/97
8,500,000
Food, fertilizer-Korean RC
8/97-10/97
8,900,000
Food, vitamins-KRC
3/98
170,000
Fertilizer (800 mt)-KRC
4/98-6/98
9,350,000
Food, potato,socks–KRC
9/98-12/98
11,330,000
JungJY-corn, cows; NGO-food
1999
18,630,000
Independent (10 NGOs)- diverse
KRC (24 NGOs) -food, clothing, med
2000
35,130,000
Independ (13 NGOs); KRC (16 NGOs)
2001
64,940,000
Indep (19 NGOs); KRC ($238,333)
2002
51,170,000
Indep (25 NGOs); KRC ($692,308)
2003
70,610,000
Indep (29 NGOs); KRC ($583,333)
2004 (Jan-Apr)
37,510,000
Indep (19 NGOs); KRC ($491,667)

10. SK NGO vs. Government Year NGOs Government Total 1995 250,000
232,000,000
232,250,000
1996
1,550,000
3,050,000
4,600,000
1997
20,560,000
26,670,000
47,230,000
1998
20,850,000
11,000,000
31,850,000
1999
18,630,000
28,250,000
46,880,000
2000
35,130,000
78,630,000
113,760,000
2001
64,940,000
70,450,000
135,390,000
2002
51,170,000
83,750,000
134,920,000
2003
70,610,000
87,010,000
157,620,000
283,690,000
620,810,000
904,500,000

11. Inter-Korea Trade,
Unit: USD 1 million
year
Source: MOU

12. Inter-Korean visits, 1990-2003 # of persons year Occurred permitted
Source: MOU

13. South Korean visits to North Korea, 1990-2003
# of persons
year
Source: MOU

14. North Korean visits to South Korea, 1990-2003
# of persons
year
Source: MOU

15. Humanitarian Assistance to DPRK, 1995-2003
Year
S. Korea
International
Total
1995
232, 250,000
55,650,000
287,900,000
1996
4,600,000
97,650,000
102,250,000
1997
47,230,000
263,500,000
310,730,000
1998
31,850,000
301,990,000
333,840,000
1999
46,880,000
359,880,000
406,760,000
2000
113,760,000
181,770,000
295,530,000
2001
135,390,000
357,250,000
492,640,000
2002
134,920,000
257,680,000
392,600,000
2003
157,620,000
160,130,000
317,750,000
904,500,000
2,035,500,000
2,940,000,000

16. Status of International Community in
the DPRK

19. Resident IOs & Bi/Multilateral Organizations
UN agencies: WFP, UNDP, FAO, UNICEF, WHO, UNFPA & IFAD
Bi- and Multilateral agencies:
ECHO, EU,
Swiss Agency for Dev & Cooperation, Federal Dept of Foreign Affairs (Swiss), Dev Cooperation Office of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

20. Resident Int’l NGOs ADRA - Switzerland AFMAL (funding from ECHO)
Campus fur Christus - Switzerland
Concern Worldwide (Irish)
CESVI (Italian)
Deutsche Welthungerhilfe/German Agro Action
Handicap International – Beligium
PMU Interlife (Swedish; funding from SIDA)
Save the Children UK
TGH (French; funding from EC, ECHO, SIDA & OCHA)
Premiere Urgence (French)

21. Non-resident NGOs (via FALU)
Action by Churches Together
Canadian Foodgrains Bank
Caritas Internationalis
World Vision International

22. Non-resident U.S. NGOs American Friends Service Committee
AmeriCares Foundation
Baptist World Aid
Catholic Relief Services
Christian Reformed World Relief Committee
Church World Service
Heifer International
International Aid
Korean-American Sharing Movement
Lutheran World Relief
Mercy Corps
World Vision

23. 2003 UN CAP Status Sector Funded (59%) Food Aid Health and Nutrition
Requirements ----
UN agencies
(USD)
NGOs
Funded (59%)
Food Aid
197,166,595
117,783,317
Health and Nutrition
14,554,350
2,457,000
11,123,576
Water and Sanitation
2,509,500
1,945,000
954,110
Education
845,250
350,000
937,239
Agriculture
4,066,000
820,000
2,265,042
Coordination
577,980
233,751
Total
219,719,675
5,572,000
GRAND TOTAL (UN
AGENCIES AND NGOs)
225,291,675
133,287,035

24. Humanitarian assistance
Began with food aid, then moved to health & nutrition and agriculture.
Still food aid is the bulk of the assistance (approximately 87.8%),
Agricultural assistance is less than 2%.

25. Situation in
North Korea

26. Collapse of eastern bloc countries
Cold spell
Torrential rain, floods
Hale
Drought

27. Cereal Production in DPRK, 1990-2002 (FAO)

28. PREVALENCE OF SURVEYED CHILDREN AND ADJUSTED PREVALENCE
Stunted (height for age) - Surveyed children: % - Adjusted Prevalence: 41.57%
Underweight (weight for age)
- Surveyed children: % - Adjusted Prevalence: 21.02%
Wasting (weight for height) - Surveyed children: 8.12% - Adjusted Prevalence: 8.53%
Source: UNICEF

29. SEVERITY OF MALNUTRITION RATES ACCORDING TO WHO CLASSIFICATION (WHO, 1997)
ADJUSTED
PREVALENCE (-2 STD)
INDICATOR
WHO CLASSIFICATION
Stunting % Very High
Underweight % High
Wasting % Medium

30. Overall prevalence of malnutrition (-2 Std) 1998 and 2002
70%
Source: UNICEF

31. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Adjusted figures
Source: UNICEF

32. ENVIRONMENT FACTORS – WATER SUPPLY
Majority served by piped water, but their effective access has fallen from 83% to 53%.
Quality problems with contamination.
Source: UNICEF

33. Rural North Korea in Transition

34. DPRK Agricultural Population, 2003

35. Changes in agricultural practice
Diversifying crops (potatoes, legumes, etc.)
Double-cropping
Seed improvement
Grass-feeding livestock raising
Expanding aquaculture
Shifting to low-input agriculture
Gov’t supported EM technology fertilizer/organic fertilizer (over 80 EM tech fertilizer factory)
Land reorganization

36. Double-cropping,
Source: FAO

37. Changes in institutional & management arrangement
7.1 Economic Measurement
Expanding farmer’s/markets
Reduce the size of sub-work team in cooperative farms
Increase in the size of private plots
Increase in the government purchase price of farm products

38. Renewable Energy
Biogas technology (power generation, agriculture & livestock raising; 3-in-1)
Small and medium size Hydro & wind power generation

39. Housing & Living Environment
Increased residential constructions
Improvement in road, waterworks, etc.
Clean drinking water system
Planting of bumper crops and fruit trees

40. Role of NGOs in Inter-Korean Cooperation, Exchange & Reconciliation
Korean Peninsula: from assistance to cooperation, and partnership.
South Korea
North Korea
International: Promote peaceful environment for the continued engagement with North Korea.
U.S.
Japan
China
EU countries & others

41. Inside South Korea Government:
Advocacy to increase funding for Inter-Korean activities, unification funding, etc.
Stay the course on the engagement policy
Grassroots:
Organize national campaigns to strengthen grassroots base and promote better understanding (e.g., EM fertilizer, buy North Korea campaign, etc.),
Work with educators in school system (curriculum intervention)
Be a “national conscience” for the Korean peninsula
Private sector:
Require good corporate practices in North Korea

42. Toward North Korea
Recommend against objectifying North Korea and North Koreans,
Continue the humanitarian assistance (the situation is still difficult), but
Shift to mid to long term development cooperation, esp. focus on rural communities (both agriculture and industry),
Appropriate assistance (i.e., sustainable development),
Raise critical issues such as human rights violations in a balanced way.

43. Toward United States
Multi-track diplomacy to promote peaceful environment in the Korean peninsula
Challenge destablizing policies such as North Korean Freedom Act & North Korean Human Rights Act

44. Work With International Community
Work to establish an international consortium to provide North Korea with a long term (10 to 15 years) food security based on mutually acceptable criteria & condition
Multi-track diplomacy
Work with civil society, opinion-makers