1. Disease and Infection Exam Technique The 8 mark question
Medicine Exam
Disease and Infection
Exam Technique
The 8 mark question

2. What do we want to achieve today?
To understand the exam technique for disease and infection section of the Medicine Through Time exam
To apply new techniques to answering exam questions
To demonstrate understanding through reviewing students answers

3. The disease and infection section of the exam paper requires you to be able to explain the following;
How ideas and theories about disease changed over time (progress, regress and continuity)
How the way people treated disease and infection changed over time
How methods to prevent disease changed over time
The examiners have tended to focus on:
The importance of factors over time
The significance of one individual against another
The change in medicine over one period of time, (progress, regress and continuity).
The skill is to be able to understand change over time!

4. Markscheme for all 4 mark questions
1-2marks: Simple answer that shows basic knowledge about the topic
3-4 marks Developed answer that explains key points about the topic

5. Markscheme for all 8 mark questions
1-2marks: General or simple answer that describes some key points about the topic
3-5 marks Answer gives simple details with some limited explanation
6-8 marks Answer that gives a detailed evaluation of the key points of the topic

6. What was the theory of the four humours?
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7. The theory of the four humours was the first natural theory of the causes of disease. It was important because it was the first real theory to say that illness was caused by natural reasons as opposed to the supernatural. It was developed by Hippocrates during the Greek period. It was based on the idea that the body contained four liquids and if these liquids became out of balance then a person became ill. Hippocrates said that the humours were also linked to the seasons. This was logical because the Greeks noticed that during certain seasons certain liquids would become out of balance. For example during the winter, people would have more phlegm. The theory of the four humours was wrong, but it was believed throughout Europe until the Renaissance.

8. How far did ideas about disease and infection change during the Ancient World (10,000BC – AD500
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9. Read this answer and use the mark scheme to give it a score.
In early prehistoric times they believed in the dual approach – natural and supernatural cause of disease. They thought that if you had a headache, you had an evil spirit inside you. So in the case of a headache a procedure called trepanning was put in place which is where a hole is drilled in your skull which would release evil spirits. They had a natural approach for things they could see such as broken legs which they would encase in plaster.
In Egyptian times they had similar beliefs such as they believed in supernatural causes but did consider a more natural approach such as the case of relating the river Nile to the flow of blood in your system. So if you were ill, they believed there was a blockage in your blood so used a natural treatment such as vomiting and laxatives.
In the Greek period they had a far more natural approach to medicine and the supernatural approach began to decline. The Greeks were a nation of thinkers and their biggest thinker was Hippocrates. He came up with the theory of the 4 humours. The theory was that the seasons could be linked with something in humans such as bile or phlegm and then could be linked with the elements. This could also be linked with the theory of opposites i.e. if you were cold you should have something hot. Hippocrates also thought the patient was really important and came up with the Hippocratic oath that ensured patients should be looked after. However, the Greeks also believed in the supernatural and worshipped the God of Medicine Asclepios. They believed that if people made a sacrifice to Asclepios in his temple, at night Asclepios would visit them and heal them.

10. In the Roman period there was more of an emphasis on taking action rather than thinking about the cause and cure of disease. They, like the Greeks believed in the four humours but also believed in bad air. They thought that there were seeds which caused disease in the air. They realised this by using empirical observation which meant observing the swamps and seeing that those around the swamps became ill. They may have realised this but they did not spend any more time on what caused illness or how to cure it so the ideas of Hippocrates remained the only real ideas about disease through out this period. The Romans did however, also like the idea of the supernatural and continued to believe that Asclepios would come and heal people if they worshipped him.
Time to mark
When you have read the answer give it a mark using the markscheme you saw earlier.
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11. Plenary
Feel good about yourself! You have had a go at a Medicine exam paper
Write down three ideas you have learnt today about this exam paper