1. Ending WWII
Beginning of a New Era

2. Cold War Vocab for Today
Harry S. Truman
Iron Curtain
Josef Stalin
Berlin Airlift
Winston Churchill
Yalta Conference UN
Potsdam Conference 1. 2. 3.
Capitalism
Communism
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan

3. Yalta Conference
In February (before the end of the war), the “Big Three” leaders Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt met in Yalta, USSR to decide on the fate of Germany and the post-war world.

4. The two greatest agreements that come from the meeting:
Roosevelt successfully gets the go-ahead to create a new peacekeeping organization to replace the League of Nations – the United Nations (UN). The biggest difference is the addition of “peacekeepers” from each member nation an international court of justice with members of all nations.
Stalin gets his way and they agree to temporarily divide up Germany

5. Potsdam Conference
July-August 1945, the “Big Three” countries of Great Britain, the U.S. and the Soviet Union met in Potsdam to decide on how to deal with post- war Germany, and how to make peace again in Europe.
The decisions at Potsdam were:
to divide Germany into four occupied zones (occupied by the U.S., Britain, France, and the USSR), and the capital Berlin, was divided into four zones as well.
Have Germany give back all annexed territory, and all Germans within the outer borders were to return home
Keep Germany economically stable, but not wealthier than any other European country, they would pay overages as reparations to the USSR
This would be the last conference among the allies, as tensions would quickly spring up among them.

6. Beginning of Hostilities
By the Potsdam Conference, Stalin had already installed communist governments in Eastern European nations “as protection”, trading Nazi rule for communist. He then made some of those nations “satellite” nations of the Soviet Union.
Truman, more anti-communist than FDR, saw this action as the beginning of Soviet domination of Eastern Europe.
The U.S. had already tested the atom bomb, a fact which the Soviets knew about from their spies – leading the Soviets to work on constructing their own.

7. How are Soviet beliefs different from America’s?
Capitalism = Where all factors of production (industry, business and agriculture) are owned by private individuals or firms who run them for their own profit.
Communism =
Where all factors of production (industry, business and agriculture) are owned by the state for the good of everyone.

8. Communism
Capitalism
There should be a variety of political parties for people to choose between
There should only be one political party
Everyone must work for the state
People should be free to start their own businesses and make a profit
We should only make as many products as we need
We should make as many products as we can and sell them for profits
We will enforce strict censorship – no-one should criticise the state.
We believe in people having freedom of speech on political matters.
Fairness and equality for all - Socialism!
Freedom and opportunity for all!

9. Capitalist - Democracy
Leadership
Capitalist - Democracy
One leader, voted for by the people
Works with Parliament to pass laws
Could be from a variety of political parties
Communist
Ideally no need for a leader - Run by a committee – so no voting
Oversees day to day business
Only one political party

10. Factories Communist Capitalist
No need for an owner – factory owned by the Government
Only makes what is needed by the state
Not for profit
Capitalist
Owned by individuals or companies
Develops/ mass produces
Sells as much as possible for profit

11. Farmers Communist Capitalist Farmers produce for the state
All produce is taken and given out to the people – not for profit
Machinery/ equipment is provided by the state
Capitalist
Farmers produce for own gain
Sells food for as much as possible - for profit
Personally buys equipment and tools to make work more efficient.

12. So, if keeping the world safe for democracy becomes a priority again, how did the U.S. propose to respond to the Soviet threat?
"We must take immediate and resolute action.“ Harry Truman, March 12, 1947,  "The Truman Doctrine"

13. Truman Doctrine
According to Truman – “it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
At the time, he was trying to get $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey, two countries struggling economically, and easy targets for Soviet takeover.

14. Our Next Hurdle - Post War Destruction in Europe
Frankfurt

15. Post War Destruction
London

16. Post War Destruction
Russia

17. Post War Destruction
Hamburg

18. Post War Destruction – How Can We Help??
Ask this man – George Marshall, US Secretary of State
He proposed giving financial aid to war-torn countries so they could rebuild their land, and then their economies – called the Marshall Plan

19. European countries that accepted Marshall Plan aid – the red columns are the relative amounts of aid each country received.

20. Hamburg Before the Marshall Plan

21. Hamburg only a few years after…

22. Iron Curtain
Stalin forbids any nation under his control to take Marshall Plan aid.
Winston Churchill, no longer Prime Minister, travels to Fulton, Missouri and gives a speech about the division between East and West. He coins the term “Iron Curtain,” which describes the separation of Europe.

23. The Struggle over Germany

24. Differing Ideologies
Stalin viewed his Soviet occupied zone of Germany as a reparation, to be used for financial means, and prevent further German threat to the Soviet Union. His zone remained under Soviet control until 1989, and was called East Germany.
The other three occupants believed that Germany should be unified so they could build an economically sound and peaceful nation again. These three united their territories into one, creating West Germany. The capital, Berlin, was also unified on the western side only.

25. Stalin believed he could at least control all of Berlin by holding Berlin hostage, not allowing any travel to or from, which basically left those people in West Berlin to starve…do we allow Stalin to bully us into giving up Berlin?? How Do We Respond? With the Berlin Airlift