1. Organic Compounds found in all living organisms:
REVIEW:
What does it mean to be organic?
-Contains Carbon and Hydrogen
-Can decompose

2. Organic Compounds found in living organisms:
1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
-provide quick energy
2. Proteins (C,H,O,N,S)
-build, maintain and
repair our bodies.
3. Lipids (C,H,O)
-stored energy
4. Nucleic Acid (C,H,O,N,P)
- stores and transmits
our genetic code.

3. CHNOPS 98% of the body is made up of: Sulfur Phosphorus Oxygen 1%
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
CHNOPS 1%
63% 5%
19% 9%

4. Remaining 2% are “Trace Elements”:
-occur in very small amounts which vary person to person based on the food they eat.
Calcium…Ca
Iron….Fe
Chlorine…Cl
Potassium…K
Magnesium…Mg
Sodium……Na

5. Carbon: The molecule of life
Life/all organic material is based on carbon
-carbon is a central element or backbone of all organic compounds
Carbon is a such a versatile element because it can form covalent bonds
Sharing of electrons
Carbon skeleton can vary in length, branching, and even form ring structures

6. Mass number: #P + # N Atomic number # P Atomic weight

7. Elements differ in the number of covalent bonds they can form:
Hydrogen: it can form just one covalent bond
Oxygen: it can form up to two covalent bonds

8. One carbon atom can bond covalently to four other molecules.
Carbon forms more types of compounds than any other element.

9. Carbon can form single, double and even triple bonds:
Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond

10. Carbon can form macromolecules
What is a macromolecule? In the shape of:
A large molecule
Carbon RINGS
Like in carbohydrates

11. Carbon CHAINS
Like in lipids/fats

13. Biochemical Pathway of Carbon:
CO2
CO2 O2
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis

14. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Biochemical Pathway of Carbon:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 
Cellular Respiration

15. YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT…….

16. Carbohydrates: Protein: Lipids: Provides immediate or quick energy.
Digested in mouth and small intestines
Provides materials to build, maintain and repair cells/tissues.
Digested in stomach and small intestines
Provides long term/stored energy.
Digested in the small intestines

17. Demo Time

18. Carbon Soufflé Why do we eat carbs? For energy
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that the average American consumes anywhere between 150 to 170 pounds of refined sugars in one year!
Why do we eat carbs?
For energy
Number one most consumed carb is?
table sugar or sucrose
Chemical formula for sucrose is:
C12H22O11

19. We will take sucrose and add the dehydration agent Sulfuric Acid.
C12H22O11 12 C H2O + NRG
Carbon Souffle
We will take sucrose and add the dehydration agent Sulfuric Acid.
Sulfuric Acid will remove all of the water from the sucrose and the only thing left will be???
CARBON

20. Carbohydrates/ simple and complex sugars: Roles:
1. Provide quick energy.
Carbs are digested into glucose which cells use during cell respiration.
2. Play a structural role in plants, bacteria and some animals.
3. Component of all cell membranes.
Used to reattach the P on to ADP to make ATP

21. Carbohydrates are made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
In a 1:2:1 ratio

22. S S Monomer: basic building block of an organic molecule
Ex: monosaccharide
Polymer:
a macromolecule made up of many monomers bonded together.
Ex: polysaccharide S S

23. Three types of Carbs: (based on # of molecules bonded together)
Monosaccharides:
-mono means……… -1
-is made up of one single sugar molecule
Chemical formula (1:2:1 ratio):
C6H___O___ 
C6H12O6 S

24. Provides us with: (0 to 20 min) -simplest form of a sugar
- instant energy
(0 to 20 min)
-simplest form of a sugar
-does not need to be digested
-just needs to be absorbed
into our blood.

26. 3 Types of Monosaccharides:
-all are isomers
-iso means…………….
-equal
-have the same chemical formulas of C6H12O6 but they have a slightly different structural formula/shapes.

27. 1. Glucose -made by plants during photosynthesis
-found in all green plant
products.

28. 2. Fructose
-Found in all fruits.

29. 3. Galactose
-Found in dairy products

30. Quick Review S Carbs provide us with quick energy.
Monosaccharides are made up of one single sugar molecule.
Monosaccharides are the MONOMERS/building blocks of all carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are in their simplest form….does not need to be digested. S

31. 2nd type of carbohydrate:
Disaccharides:
Di means….. 2
It is made up of two monosaccharides
bonded together. S

32. + S S S C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C12H24O12 Chemical Formula: H2O C12H22O11

33. S S Disaccharides provide us with: -energy within approx. 2
hours after eating them.
-this is because they must be
digested down into their
simplest form
……monosaccharides. S S
H2O

34. 3 Types of Disaccharides:
Sucrose
-2 monos from plants bonded together
-Commonly known as table sugar
-Comes from sugar cane (a green plant)
Fructose
Glucose

35. -2 monos from plants bonded together
2. Maltose
-2 monos from plants bonded together
- Malt grain….used to make beer and other alcohols.
Glucose

36. -2 monos bonded together -found in dairy products Did you know?????
3. Lactose
-2 monos bonded together
-found in dairy products
Did you know?????
-Lactose needs to be digested with the enzyme lactase. Some people do not have this enzyme so they are “lactose intolerant”.
Glucose
Galactose

37. Dehydration Synthesis: -dehydrate…remove water -synthesis….to make
-to make by removing
water
-what occurs when two monos bond together to create a disaccharide by removing one water molecule.

38. Dehydration Synthesis
H2O
Glucose
Galactose

39. Hydrolysis: -hydro…..water -lysis…… to break open
Hydrolysis occurs when we add water to a disaccharide when we need to break it down or digest it.

40. Hydrolysis
Glucose
Galactose
H2O

41. 3rd type of Carb S Polysaccharides: -poly means….. many
- It when many ( up to 4000) monosaccharides bonded together S

42. Must be digested.
Takes up to 24 hours to be totally digested. Each bond between the monos must be broken.
Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so there is not one common chemical formula.

43. 3 Types of Polysaccharides:
Starch
-how plants store excess glucose
-made up of glucose molecules bonded together
in a long chain.

44. How animals store excess glucose.
Glycogen
How animals store excess glucose.
When we eat excess carbs our liver converts them into glycogen to be stored. If we still do not use it then the glycogen is converted into fat for long term storage.

45. -used by plants for structure and support.
3. Cellulose
-used by plants for structure
and support.
-makes up the cell wall of plant cells
-humans can not digest
cellulose-pass it out as the
“bulk” of our feces.

46. -another polysaccharide
Chitin
-another polysaccharide
-is the material which makes up the outer shell of crabs and insects.

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