1. KENNY FUKON, JOSH RIVETTI, AND NICK SEPCIC
POSTMODERNISM
KENNY FUKON, JOSH RIVETTI, AND NICK SEPCIC

2. POSTMODERNISM Started in the late 20th century
Skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism
General suspicion of reason
“Straightforward denial of general philosophical viewpoints that were taken for granted during the Enlightenment”
Debate / communication are used to “build” reality, knowledge, and value
What is considered “true” in an era is controlled by / based off of those in power at the time
Modern science no different than astrology or witchcraft in that there are no exact truths

3. VIEWPOINTS:
The ideology of reality being independent of human beings is just conceptual
“No such thing as Truth”
Don’t believe that science and technology lead to progress, but instead to creation of dangerous technologies (Ex. WWII)
Reason and logic are not universal, meaning not every thinker uses it the same or even has it
All parts of human psychology are developed through society instead of some parts developed at birth

4. VIEWPOINTS (CONT’D):
The meaning / definition of a word is not the actual meaning but instead branches off of meanings of other words, which branch off of other words
To not base knowledge on facts, but instead “cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am), or to make a series of statements based off a single statement
People shouldn’t develop theories because they are harmful in that they oppress other ideas / theories on the topic

5. VIEWS ON OBJECTIVITY Deny possibility of objective parts of reality
No such thing as objectively true or false statements about reality
Cannot have objective knowledge
Cannot know things with certainty
No moral values that are objective

7. POSTMODERN LITERATURE
“Postmodern literature is a form of literature which is marked, both stylistically and ideologically, by a reliance on such literary conventions as fragmentation, paradox, unreliable narrators, often unrealistic and downright impossible plots, games, parody, paranoia, dark humor and authorial self-reference.”
Postmodern authors do not centralize one standard meaning, instead they use multiple ideas to come up with multiple meanings to highlight their work.

8. TECHNIQUES IN POSTMODERN LITERATURE
Pastiche - combining ideas from previous writings to make new styles
Intertextuality - acknowledging previous literary works inside of a different literary work
Metafiction - making readers aware of the fiction they are reading
Temporal distortion - using non-linear timelines in a story
Magical realism - introducing unrealistic ideas into stories that are otherwise realistic
Faction - mixing historical events with fictional events without defining which one is which
Minimalism – using as little and as basic words as possible
Maximalism – Extremely detailed and complicated writing

9. POSTMODERNISM IN POETRY
“All Watched Over By Machines of Loving Grace” by Richard Brautigan (1967)
(it has to be!)
of a cybernetic ecology
I like to think (and
where we are free of our labors
the sooner the better!)
and joined back to nature,
of a cybernetic meadow
returned to our mammal
where mammals and computers
brothers and sisters,
live together in mutually
and all watched over
programming harmony
by machines of loving grace.
like pure water
touching clear sky.
I like to think
(right now, please!)
of a cybernetic forest
filled with pines and electronics
where deer stroll peacefully
past computers
as if they were flowers
with spinning blossoms.

10. “ALL WATCHED OVER BY MACHINES OF LOVING GRACE”
Sentence fragments
Maximalism  detailed but short
Metafiction  acknowledges that situation is not true yet
Dark humor  world run with computers
Satire  unrealistic world
Multiple meanings  open to interpretation

11. FUN FACTS Postmodernism is still believed in today
Postmodernism was created when modernism died
Postmodernism deals with not just literature, but also with philosophy, architecture, and art
René Descartes is known as the founding father of postmodernism
Examples of movies that are considered postmodern are Monty Python and the Holy Grail, Pulp Fiction, Inception, the Matrix, and the Star Wars films.

12. Works Cited
"All Watched Over By Machines Of Loving Grace by Richard Brautigan." All Poetry. Web. 25 Sept
Arlandson, James. "Articles: The Origins of Postmodernism." American Thinker. 31 Mar Web. 24 Sept
Deo, Kanishka. "20 Great Postmodernist Films That Are Worth Your Time."Taste Of Cinema Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists. 08 July Web Sept
Duignan, Brian. "Postmodernism." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 Oct Web. 24 Sept
OUlearn. "Postmodernism: Design in a Nutshell (6/6)." YouTube. YouTube, 08 May Web. 24 Sept
"Postmodernism in Literature: Definition & Examples." Study.com. Web. 23 Sept