1. 2.1 Molecules

2. How much do you remember?
What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?
What is a covalent bond?
What is the difference between an element and compound?

3. What does ‘organic’ mean?
In Biology, organic means containing the element carbon
Exception: carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds which allows it to form stable compounds.

5. Carbon containing compounds: building blocks of life
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Based on looking at these, what are the major elements that make up living things?
Protein
Nucleic acids

6. The most frequently occurring elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

7. Functional groups you need to know
Name of Group
Full Structure
Simplified Notation
Hydroxyl
− O − H
−OH
Amine
− NH2
Carboxyl
−COOH
Methyl
−CH3

8. Draw the following molecules *see following slides
Ribose
Glucose
Saturated fatty acids
Amino acids
Glycerol

9. Ribose The formula is C5H10O5
The molecule is a five-membered ring w/ a side chain
Four carbon atoms are in the ring and one forms the side chain
The carbon atoms can be numbered starting with number 1 on the right
The hydroxyl groups –OH) on carbon atoms 1, 2, and 3 point up, down and down respectively.

10. Glucose The formula is C6H12O6
The molecule is a six-membered ring w/ a side chain
Five carbon atoms are in the ring and one forms the side chain
The carbon atoms can be numbered starting with number 1 on the right
The hydroxyl groups –OH) on carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, and 4 point down, down, up and down respectively.

11. Saturated fatty acids The carbon atoms form an unbranched chain.
In saturated fatty acids carbons are bonded to each other by single bonds
The number of carbon atoms is most commonly between 14-20
At one end of the chain the carbon atom is part of a carboxyl group.
At the other end the carbon atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms
All other carbon atoms are bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

12. Amino Acid
A carbon atom in the center of the molecule is bonded to four different things
An amine group
The carboxyl group which makes the molecule an acid
A hydrogen atom
The R group, which is the variable part of amino acids

13. Glycerol Three carbon atoms connected with single bonds
One hydroxyl group connected to each carbon

14. Quiz yourself on the following slide

16. Answers (a) is glucose (b) is an amino acid (c) is glycerol
(d) is ribose

17. Quiz yourself on the following slide

19. Answers
(d) is an amino acid

20. Quiz yourself on the following slide

22. Answers II I IV
The two molecules that are the most similar are II and III. The are both carbohydrates. They are both formed with a ring structure. They both contain multiple hydroxyl groups.

23. Identify the following as: carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids

24. Identify the following as: carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids

25. Nature of Science What is the theory of vitalism?
Why did the successful synthesis of urea in the laboratory disprove the theory of vitalism?