1. Biochemistry, Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Biochemistry,
Organic Molecules

2. I. Introduction
Organic molecules in living things can be classified into 4 groups:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

3. Carbohydrates Often called sugars and starches.
Functions – energy, structural support
Carbs are made of:
C atoms
H atoms
O atoms
NOTE! All carbs contain 2 H atoms for each
O atom. 2 H:1 O

4. Monosaccharide Means “single sugar”
They are the monomers (building blocks) of a carbohydrate molecule.
They are the major nutrient for cells.
Cells use energy stored in these molecules during cellular respiration.

5. Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose: Sugar produced by green plants (C6H12O6)
Galactose: Found in milk
Fructose: Sweetest of the 3; found in fruit.

6. Examples of Monosaccharides

7. The functional group of a monosaccharide is (--OH).
It is called a Hydroxyl Group.
NOTE! Do not confuse the hydroxyl group (-OH) with the hydroxide ion (OH-) found in bases!

8. Functional Groups
groups of atoms attached to carbon skeletons of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.

9. Sugars Contain a Great Deal of Energy.
Energy is stored in the chemical bonds.
Energy is released when the bonds are broken.

10. Dehydration Synthesis
The chemical reaction that joins monomers together by removing a molecule of water.
Dehydration = “loss of water”
Synthesis = “putting together”

11. Dehydration Synthesis

13. Disaccharide = A molecule formed by the joining of two single sugars
Disaccharide = A molecule formed by the joining of two single sugars. Ex. Table sugar (sucrose)
Polysaccharide = “Many sugars” Living things store excess sugar in this form. Ex. Cellulose – plants, Glycogen - Animals

14. Disaccharides

15. Hydrolysis (Condensation)
The exact opposite of Dehydration Synthesis.
A molecule of water is added to break a bond.

16. Review

17. Recap!
D.S.  starts with two separate things, ends with one, removes water
Hydrolysis  starts with one thing, ends with two, adds water