1. Biochemistry The chemistry of life

2. There are 4 types of biological macromolecules:
BIG
The 4 Macromolecules
A very large molecule, that is made up of many smaller units linked together.
There are 4 types of biological macromolecules:
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Proteins
Lipids (fats)
Nucleic Acids

3. Macromolecules are polymers made up of monomers
MANY
ONE

4. Here are some examples:
If a train is a polymer, the monomer is…
the cars

5. Here are some examples:
If a pearl necklace is a polymer, the monomer is…
Each Pearl

6. Now, You and a buddy…
...think of another analogy for a polymer and its monomers. Be prepared to share with the class!

7. Carbohydrates (Sugars) Lipids (fats) Proteins
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Lipids (fats)
Proteins

8. What You need to know about each Type of Macromolecule:
Function (what it does) Strucure (what it looks like) What its monomer is Examples (what foods have it)

9. Carbohydrates Carbs = Energy! ATP,
What are they? What do they do? Main source of energy for the body. They are our FUEL!
How does it help the body live?
The body transforms carbs into
ATP,
a molecule that stores and releases energy.
Carbs = Energy!

10. Carbohydrates Simple complex
What are they? What do they do? There are 2 types of carbohydrates:
Simple
complex
Made up of 1-2 monomers
Taste sweet
Made up of many monomers
Taste starchy

11. When you see ’ose’ at the end, that means it’s a sugar!
Carbohydrates
What is the monomer?
Monosaccharides (like glucose)
When you see ’ose’ at the end, that means it’s a sugar!

12. Carbohydrates
What do they look like? Monomers are in the shape of hexagonal rings. Carbs are chains of these rings.
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose O O O O O

13. Carbohydrates simplE! both! FRUITS & VEGETABLES complex! complex!
simple or complex?
Where are they found?
simplE!
both!
FLOUR
(PASTA, BREAD, COOKIES, CAKES)
FRUITS & VEGETABLES
complex!
complex!
CANDY
simplE!
SUGAR
POTATOES
simplE!
MILK
complex!
complex!

14. Proteins Transport Proteins Contractile proteins Hormones
What are they? What do they do? There are many types of proteins:
Transport Proteins
Hormones
Contractile proteins
Signals that regulate the body’s functions
Help move particles in and out of cells
Help muscles contract and move
Structural Proteins
Enzymatic proteins
Build structures in the body, like hair, skin, and bones.
Speed up chemical reactions

15. How does it help the body?
Proteins
How does it help the body?
Every cell in every part of your body needs proteins to help build, grow, protect, and repair itself to function properly.

16. Proteins
What is the monomer?
Amino Acids

17. What do they look like? Proteins are chains of amino acids.
Amino Acid Chain

18. Proteins
Where are they found?
Nail
Skin

19. Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion =
LIPIDS ARE NEXT
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
They WATERPROOF surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes!
Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion =
“WISE C”

20. LIPIDS…Some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

21. LIPIDS…Some interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS
Like testosterone and estrogen
They increase muscle growth

22. LIPIDS…Some interesting info
Some anabolic steroids are illegal
Steriods...
NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.

23. LIPIDS
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE

24. LIPIDS
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is…
TRIGLYCERIDES

25. The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter
This is a triglyceride molecule

26. They carry your body’s genetic info.
Nucleic Acids:
Two types:
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)
They carry your body’s genetic info.

27. Nucleic Acids: How do they help your body live?
They are like an instruction manual for how your body is built.
Like a blueprint for a house!

28. What are their monomers?
Nucleic Acids:
What are their monomers?
Nucleotides

29. Inside cells of living things.
Nucleic Acids:
Where are they found?
Inside cells of living things.

30. ENERGY
The unit used to measure energy that is gained by consuming food is called:
CALORIES

31. Energy that we gain by eating food is measured in Calories.
If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain
90 Calories
of energy for your body.

32. Eating 1 gram of Carbohydrates:
Gives you 4 Calories of energy.

33. Eating 1 gram of Proteins:
Gives you 4 Calories of energy.

34. Gives you 9 Calories of energy.
Eating 1 gram of lipids:
Gives you 9 Calories of energy.
Notice: if you eat 1 gram of fat, you are gaining more than twice the amount of Calories than from a gram of carbohydrate or protein!

35. Eating Nucleic acids:
The nucleic acids in food are not a substance that the body uses to gain energy.

36. Number of Calories it provides
BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it provides
Carbohydrates 4
Proteins
Lipids 9
Nucleic Acids