1. In your essay, and in your bibliography
Harvard Referencing
In your essay, and in your bibliography

2. Citations
In your written work, whenever you draw on other people’s ideas, as evidence, or to support the points you are making, you must cite the source of those ideas in two places:

3. Citations
in your essay (by author’s name, date of publication and page number)
in your bibliography (by author’s name, date of publication, title of text, place of publication and publisher).

4. This is known as the Harvard Referencing System, and is the method required by the School of CCI.

5. Short quotes (a sentence or less)
In the essay:
Dominic Strinati points out that, ‘People’s lives in western capitalist societies appear to be affected by the popular culture presented by the modern mass media.’ (Strinati, 1995, p. xiii)
In the bibliography:
Strinati, D. (1995), An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture, London: Routledge.

6. Longer quotes
In the essay: Indent and take a new line. Quotation marks are not needed:
Dominic Strinati offers the following definition of Structuralism:
Structuralism has been defined as a theoretical and philosophical framework which is relevant to the social sciences as a whole. It is said to make general claims about the universal, causal character of structures. (Strinati, 1995, p.89)
In the bibliography:
Strinati, D. (1995), An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture, London: Routledge.

7. Paraphrasing
You may paraphrase what a writer has said, without quotation marks, but you must still give a reference to the source of the ideas.
In the essay :
Strinati makes clear the differences between structuralism and semiology. (Strinati, 1995, p.89).
In the bibliography:
Strinati, D. (1995), An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture, London: Routledge.

8. Drawing from the same source a number of times
If drawing from the same source a number of times in your essay, give author and date the first time you mention it, and thereafter, give the page numbers.
In the essay:
In Dominic Strinati’s valuable guide to the theories of popular culture (Strinati, 1995), he gives a broad overview of Structuralism (p.87 – 128) and Marxism (p.129 – 176), and relates these to more recent perspectives such as Postmodernism (p.221 – 239).
In the bibliography:
Strinati, D. (1995), An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture, London: Routledge.

9. Quoting from one chapter in an edited collection
In the essay:
use the author’s name and the date it was originally published, e.g. (Peirce, 1931).
In the bibliography:
Peirce, C.S. (1931), ‘A Guess at the Riddle’ in Cobley, P. (ed.) (1996) The Communication Theory Reader, London, Routledge.

10. Quoting from electronic information
Stay as close to the ‘author, date’ format as you can.
In the essay: reference by author’s name, and year of publication. If no author’s name is available, use the name of the site (not the URL). You may also wish to identify that the reference is from an online publication.
e.g. (Kopperud, 1994, [Online]).
In the bibliography, identify by author, year, place of publication, Available: URL, when accessed (date):
Kopperud, R.J. (1994), David Silverman’s Chat at Stanford, [Online] Stanford CA, Stanford University, Available:
Accessed: 22 March 2000.

11. More detailed advice can be found in:
Coles, M (1995), A Student’s Guide to Coursework Writing, Stirling: University of Stirling. (Available in Campus Library).
University of Leeds, Library training materials [Online]
referencing/harvard.htm
(This excellent site gives advice on how to reference a very wide range of types of sources).