1. Monday Due: GR - Lipids and Proteins Warmup – Copy HW, Study for Quiz
HW 1: Water W/sheet 2.2
HW 2: Biomolecules W/sheet 2.1
Quiz Tuesday week – Biomolecules: Carbs, Lipids & Proteins
Weekend HW: Finish Lab Questions due: Tuesday
Monday Due: GR - Lipids and Proteins
Warmup – Copy HW, Study for Quiz
Quiz on Functional Groups & glucose
Notes – (Slides 6- 26)
Mono, Disaccharides and
Polysaccharides. Copy chart from the video
on polysaccharides
Making Biomolecule Models
Domains of Study
Domain of BioMolecules
Domain of Cells
Domain of Organisms
Domain of Populations
Domain of Communities

2. COPY AND MEMORIZE THESE GROUPS
FOR A QUIZ NEXT CLASS! NOTE: YOU WILL BE DRAWING THE
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
YOU WILL ALSO BE DRAWING: α-GLUCOSE
and β- GLUCOSE
RING STRUCTURES.
aka hydroxyl
Phosphate
CarbonylxxXx

3. Study: Numbering carbons6'
Note where the carbons are C O 5' C C 4' 1' C C 3' 2'

4. Study α and β glucose
Simplified version – omit writing the carbons

5. 1) Polysaccharides aka carbohydrates 2) Polypeptides aka proteins
(Review – don’t copy) BIOMOLECULES: are polymers made of many monomers:
1) Polysaccharides aka carbohydrates
2) Polypeptides aka proteins
3) Polynucleotides aka nucleic acids
4. Lipids
are macromolecules
(large molecules)(not polymers)
Made of:
glycerol and fatty acids

6. How to build a polymer:
Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis)- H2O is removed when 2 hydroxyls line up
This bond is called a Glycosidic bond on 1,4 Cs
2 monosaccharides |
α glucose
fructose
disaccharide
H2O
sucrose
(table sugar)
sucrose = table sugar

7. How to break down a polymer: HYDROLYSIS
is the breaking of glycosidic bonds during reactions like digestion. H2O is added.
These rxs are very slow.
Note: This is the opposite of condensation.

8. Monosaccharides – simple sugars
Dissolve easily
Formula: (CH2O)N
Provide quick and easy energy
Building blocks for larger
molecules ex. Glucose is used to make
glycogen, cellulose & starch
Have many C-H bonds that release energy needed to change ADP  ATP OH H HO
CH2OH O
α-glucose

9. Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides bonded
Soluble in H2O
Common examples:
sucrose
maltose = glucose + glucose (it’s what makes bread brown)
lactose = glucose + galactose
(milk sugar)
sucrose
(table sugar) 
Glucose 
Fructose 
disaccharide
sucrose = table sugar
H2O

10. Let’s watch and learn:
Formation of Disaccharides
(from 8:22 – 14:00)

11. Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars joined by glycosidic bonds
Function: Glucose dissolves so
easily that plants must convert it:
1) for energy storage
starch – in plants
glycogen - in animals - liver & muscles
2) for structural uses
Cellulose -plants cell walls
chitin - arthropods exoskeletons
& fungi cell walls
Polysaccharides are polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

12. Energy Storage: Starch vs. Glycogen
Found in plants
only
slow release
2 Types of
energy storage
Branching makes
For faster
digestion
glycogen
Found in
animals only
Can you see the difference between starch & glycogen?
Which is easier to digest?
Glycogen = many branches = many ends
Enzyme can digest at multiple ends. Animals use glycogen for energy storage == want rapid release.
Form follows function.
APBio/TOPICS/Biochemistry/MoviesAP/05_07Polysaccharides_A.swf
fast release

13. Starch is made of 2 things:
Amylose
1000s of condensed α-glucoses linked together
Linked at carbons 1 and 4
Curve and coil up
Very compact
TOGETHER THESE 2 MOLECULES FORM STARCHES LIKE:
Amylopectin
Shorter
Branched out
Also 1, 4 α-glucoses linked together
Can you see the difference between starch & glycogen?
Which is easier to digest?
Glycogen = many branches = many ends
Enzyme can digest at multiple ends. Animals use glycogen for energy storage == want rapid release.
Form follows function.
APBio/TOPICS/Biochemistry/MoviesAP/05_07Polysaccharides_A.swf

14. Pieces of amylose are broken off by the cell and stuck on as branches forming amylopectin!
These 2 molecules are found as starch grains only in plants in their
chloroplasts,
seeds, roots, etc.
KNOW:
THAT THESE BRANCHES OCCUR AT C’s 1,6

15. Testing for Starch
Adding iodine solution (KI) to a starch will turn it blue-black.
This is because the KI molecules get stuck in the coils of amylose!

16. GLYCOGEN – energy storage in animals
Chains of 1,4 α-glucose linked TO 1,6 carbons.
This makes it similar to ________ but with a lot more branches.
2. Clumps in grains
visible in liver
and muscle cells. ?

17. CELLULOSE – makes up plant cell walls
1. Very strong!
2. Main difference – it’s a polymer of β – glucose, (not α-)
3. The 2nd β isomer has
its OH group below the
ring so the next glucose
in the chain must be
flipped upside down
(rotated 180 )
They alternate –right side up, upside down!

18. (b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers
Figure 5.7b 1 4
(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers 1 4
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures.
(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers

19. Other facts about CELLULOSE:
The H bonds are so numerous
that collectively cellulose is
super strong
60 cellulose molecules form
bundles called microfibrils
Microfibrils are held together
by H bonding and are called fibres
Fibres have a high tensile
strength similar to steel!

21. CELL WALLS Are freely permeable Keep the cell from
bursting when turgor
pressure is high
Provides support and
structure
Have many layers of
fibers held together
with a glue-like matrix

22. Polysaccharide diversity
Molecular structure determines function
α in starch
β in cellulose
2 isomers of glucose
structure determines their function

23. Chitin, another
structural
polysaccharide,
found in the
exoskeleton of
arthropods
Chitin also
provides
structural support
for the cell walls of
many fungi

24. Watch and copy the chart at the end:
Polysaccharides

25. How to test for Non-reducing sugars
If your sugar doesn't turn brick red in Benedict's Solution
Watch from 13:02