1. Mutations
13.3

2. Mutations = heritable changes in a gene; lead to evolution Can be :
- neutral
- harmful – ex. Cancer, sickle cell
- helpful – resistance to poisons, HIV
Types – Gene and Chromosomal

3. Gene Mutations Point mutation – change in one nucleotide *3 Types –
- Substitution – one base is replaced with another
- Insertion – one base is put in
- Deletion – one base is removed

4. Frame-shift mutations
= Result from insertion or deletion not in a multiple of 3
Every amino acid after mutation is now different

6. Chromosomal Mutations
Changes in chromosome
Deletion – lose piece
Duplication – repeat piece
Inversion – flips piece around inside
Translocation – one piece breaks off and attaches to different chromosome