1. Warm Up
In your notes, Transcribe this DNA code: DNA: TAC CGT TCA ACT mRNA: AUG GCA AGU UGA ….and translate: Amino acids: methionine-alanine-serine-stop

2. On a clean sheet of paper, Transcribe this DNA code:
DNA: GAC AAG TCC ACA ATC
mRNA: CUG UUC AGG UGU UAG

3. On a clean sheet of paper, Transcribe this DNA code:
DNA: GAC AAG TCC ACA ATC
mRNA: CUG UUC AGG UGU UAG
tRNA: GAC AAG UCC ACA AUC
NUCLEUS
CYTO-PLASM

4. On a clean sheet of paper, Transcribe this DNA code:
DNA: GAC AAG TCC ACA ATC
mRNA: CUG UUC AGG UGU UAG
tRNA: GAC AAG UCC ACA AUC
Amino acid
sequence: leucine-phenylalanine-(etc.)
polypeptide
NUCLEUS
CYTO-PLASM

5. And How They Lead to Evolution
Mutations
And How They
Lead to Evolution

6. Evolution Mistakes occur in nature.
These mistakes can lead to advantages and disadvantages.
When these mistakes are advantageous, over a long period of time, they can lead to evolution.

7. Mutations
Cells make mistakes DNA replication or mitosis. These mistakes are called mutations.

8. Mutations Mutations are changes in genetic information.
Mutations will not affect offspring unless it is in a sperm or egg cell

9. 1) A mutation is
A change in RNA code
A change in genetic information
A change in cell structure
A group of unpaired bases

10. Two Types of Mutations Gene mutations Chromosomal mutations
changes in a single gene
Chromosomal mutations
changes in an entire chromosome

11. Gene Mutations Point Mutations Changes in one or a few nucleotides
Generally occur during DNA replication

12. Gene Mutations
Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

13. 2) Two types of mutations are
Genetic and cellular
RNA and DNA
Nuclear and ribosomal
Gene and chromosomal

14. 3) Gene mutations usually happen when
The cell is undergoing metaphase I
The DNA is replicating
The nucleus is dividing
The gametes fuse

15. Substitutions (video)
In a substitution, one base is changed to a different base.
Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid, and sometimes they have no effect at all. (eg. CCC and CCA code for the same amino acid)

16. Insertions and Deletions (video)
Point mutations in which one base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence.
This mutation is dramatic, because it shifts all the codons.

17. Insertions and Deletions
Also known as “frameshift” mutations because they shift the reading frame of the genetic message.
These can change every amino acid in the sequence, making the protein nonfunctional.

18. 4) What type of gene mutation is this:
DNA:        TAC    GCA    TGG    AAT
DNA:        TAC    GTA    TGG    AAT
Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
Polyploidy
Gene Mutation animation

19. 5) What could result from a deletion mutation?
a) Deletions are generally not harmful
b) A nonfunctional protein
c) nondisjunction
d) Deletions cause substitutions

20. 6) What type of gene mutation would this represent:
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT
Nonsense
Insertion
Deletion
Substitution

21. Chromosomal Mutations
Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.
Can change the location of genes on chromosomes.
Can change the number of copies of some genes.
(video)

22. Deletion
Deletion involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome.

23. Duplication
Duplication produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome.

24. Inversion
Inversion reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome.

25. Translocation
Translocation occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

26. 7) Which of the following is NOT a form of chromosomal mutation:
a) Deletion
b) Duplication
c) Inversion
d) Insertion
e) Translocation

27. 8) Involves an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome:
a) Deletion
b) Duplication
c) Inversion
d) Translocation

28. 9) Which of the following is the name of a type of chromosomal mutation AND a type of gene mutation?
a) Deletion
b) Duplication
c) Inversion
d) Translocation

29. Mutagens Some mutations arise from mutagens:
chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations.
Some forms of Radiation are mutagens

30. Mutagens Some compounds interfere with base-pairing.
HNO3 converts C to U
Some compounds interfere with base-pairing.
Others weaken the DNA strand, causing breaks and inversions (chromosomal mutations).
Cells can sometimes repair the damage; if not, the DNA base sequence changes permanently

31. Mutagenic heterocyclic amines are generated in foods when they are cooked at temperatures over 150°C.
ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/.../Suppl-6/felton-full.html

32. Harmful and Helpful Mutations
The effects of mutations on genes vary widely.
Some have little or no effect.
Some produce beneficial variations.
Some negatively disrupt gene function.

33. Harmful Effects
Some of the most harmful mutations are those that dramatically change protein structure or gene activity.
The defective proteins produced by these mutations can disrupt normal biological activities, and result in genetic disorders.

34. Effects of Mutations-Beneficial
Stressful environmental conditions may cause some bacteria to increase mutation rates.
This can actually be helpful to the organism
Gives bacteria new traits, such as the ability to consume a new food source or to resist a poison in the environment.

35. Beneficial Effects
Some of the variations produced by mutations can be highly advantageous to an organism or species.

36. Beneficial Effects
Mutations may produce proteins with new or altered functions that can be useful to organisms in changing environments.
For example, mutations have helped many insects resist chemical pesticides.

37. Beneficial Effects Increased “fit”ness  increased reproduction!!
This mutation is then carried on to the offspring, eventually leading to new and improved traits.

38. 10) Which of the following statements is accurate:
a) All gene mutations are harmful
b) No chromosomal mutations are beneficial
c) Some mutations have no effect
d) Mutations cannot lead to evolution

39. 12) Classify the following type of mutation .
a) Point mutation
b) Gene mutation
c) Chromosomal mutation
d) Frameshift mutation

40. 12) Mutant 1 is the result of a ______ because
Part of the chromosome reverses direction.
a) Deletion
b) Duplication
c) Inversion
d) Translocation